راهنما:آیپیای/ژاپنی
(تغییرمسیر از راهنما:IPA/Japanese)
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of ژاپنی on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of ژاپنی in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing اجماع on the talk page first. |
The charts below show the way in which the الفبای آوانگاری بینالمللی (IPA) represents زبان ژاپنی and ریوکیویی pronunciations in ویکیپدیا articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ja}}, {{IPAc-ja}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Examples in the charts are Japanese words transliterated according to the لاتیننویسی هپبورن system.
See Japanese phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Japanese.
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Notes ویرایش
- ↑ ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ ۱٫۲ ۱٫۳ Voiced fricatives [z, ʑ] are generally pronounced as affricates [dz, dʑ] in word-initial positions and after the moraic nasal /N/ ([n] before [dz] and [ɲ] before [dʑ]) or the sokuon /Q/ (spelled ッ, only in loanwords). Actual realizations of these sounds vary (see Yotsugana).
- ↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ ۲٫۲ ۲٫۳ When an انسایشی is تشدید, only the closure component of it is repeated: [kiddzɯ], [eddʑi], [ittsɯi], [kettɕakɯ].
- ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ A declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial /ɡ/ as [ŋ] (Vance 2008:214), but /ɡ/ is always represented by [ɡ] in this system.
- ↑ [ɰ], romanized w, is the consonant equivalent of the vowel [ɯ], which is pronounced with varying degrees of rounding, depending on dialect.
- ↑ The syllable-final n (moraic nasal) is pronounced as some kind of nasalized vowel before a vowel, semivowel ([j, ɰ]) or fricative ([ɸ, s, ɕ, ç, h]). [ɰ̃] is a conventional notation undefined for the exact place of articulation (Vance 2008:97).
- ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ Close vowels [i, ɯ] become بیواکی [i̥, ɯ̥] when short and surrounded by voiceless consonants within a word. When the second consonant is [ɸ], [ç] or [h], or when both consonants are fricatives (including the second component of an affricate), devoicing is much less likely to occur (Fujimoto 2015), so vowels in such environments are not transcribed as voiceless (nor are word-final or non-close vowels, whose devoicing is also less consistent). Where close vowels that would be devoiced according to the above rules occur in succession, however, usually whichever is accented or, if neither is, the second remains voiced (Fujimoto 2015:189), so transcribe them accordingly: [kɯꜜɕi̥kɯmo, tsɯ̥kɯɕi]. These rules may be overridden by citing a reliable source that marks devoicing, such as NHK (2016) or Kindaichi & Akinaga (2014), if the word being transcribed appears in it.
- ↑ [ɯ], romanized u, exhibits varying degrees of rounding depending on dialect. In Tokyo dialect, it is either unrounded or compressed [ɯᵝ], meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded [u].
- ↑ A pitch drop may occur only once per word and does not occur in all words. The mora before a pitch drop has a high pitch. When it occurs at the end of a word, the following grammatical particle has a low pitch.
References ویرایش
- Fujimoto, Masako (2015). "Vowel devoicing". In Kubozono, Haruo (ed.). Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 167–214. doi:10.1515/9781614511984.167. ISBN 978-1-61451-252-3.
- Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Akinaga, Kazue, eds. (2014). 新明解日本語アクセント辞典 (به ژاپنی) (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Sanseido. ISBN 978-4-385-13672-1.
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, ed. (2016). NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (به ژاپنی). Tokyo: NHK Publishing. ISBN 978-4-14-011345-5.
- Vance, Timothy J. (2008). The Sounds of Japanese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3.