ویکی‌پدیا

بانزای: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

نمایش تاریخچه به صورت تعاملی
→ تفاوت قدیمی‌ترتفاوت جدیدتر ←
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
دیداریویکی‌متن
بدون خلاصۀ ویرایش
حذف متن ترجمه نشده
خط ۱:
{{در دست ویرایش ۲|ماه=مه|روز=۱۹|سال=۲۰۱۶|چند = 2}}
{{بهبود منبع|date=آگوست ۲۰۱۲}}
[[File:AttuBanzai.jpg|thumb|alt=Banzai Charge|اجساد سربازان ژاپنی پس از یک حمله بانزای ناموفق در جنگ آتو به تاریخ ۲۹ می ۱۹۴۳.]]
'''بانزای''' واژه‌ایست برگرفته از شعار مشهور ژاپنی‌ها {{نیهونگو|"'''''[[ده‌هزار سال|تِنو هایکا بانزای]]'''''"|天皇陛下万歳||"زنده باد امپراطور"}} که توسط [[متفقین جنگ جهانی دوم]] برای اشاره به تاکتیک [[یورش موج انسانی]] سربازان [[پیاده‌نظام]] ژاپن در [[جنگ اقیانوس آرام]] به کار برده می‌شود.
 
==سرآغاز منابع ==
The banzai charge is considered to be one method of {{نیهونگو|''gyokusai''|玉砕||"shattered jewel"; honorable suicide}}, a [[حمله انتحاری]], or suicide before being captured by the enemy such as ''[[هاراکیری]]''. The origin of the term is a classical Chinese phrase in the 7th-century ''[[Book of Northern Qi]]'', which states "{{Lang|zh-Hant|丈夫玉碎恥甎全}}", "A true man would [rather] be the shattered jewel, ashamed to be the intact tile." In Japan, since the [[دوره سن‌گوکو]], samurai followed the code called ''[[بوشیدو]]'', defining behaviors loyal and honorable. Among the rules there existed a code of honor that was later used by Japanese military governments.
 
With the revolutionary change in the [[اصلاحات میجی]] and frequent wars against China and Russia, the militarist government of Japan adopted the concepts of Bushido to condition the country's population to be ideologically obedient to the emperor. Impressed with how samurai were trained to commit suicide when a great humiliation was about to befall them, the government educated troops that it was a greater humiliation to surrender to the enemy than to die. The suicide of [[سایگو تاکاموری]], the leader of old samurai during the Meiji Restoration, also inspired the nation to idealize and romanticize death in battle and to consider suicide an honorable final action.
 
During the [[محاصره پورت آرتور]] human wave attacks were conducted on Russian artillery and machine guns by the Japanese which ended up becoming suicidal.<ref name="Miller2014">{{cite book|author=John H. Miller|title=American Political and Cultural Perspectives on Japan: From Perry to Obama|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uN1XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|date=2 April 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8913-9|pages=41–}}</ref> Since the Japanese suffered massive casualties in the attacks,<ref name="Edgerton1997">{{cite book|author=Robert B. Edgerton|title=Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wkHyjjbv-yEC&pg=PA167|year=1997|publisher=Norton|isbn=978-0-393-04085-2|pages=167–}}</ref> one description of the aftermath was that "[a] thick, unbroken mass of corpses covered the cold earth like a coverlet.<ref name="O'ConnellBatchelor2002">{{cite book|author1=Robert L. O'Connell|author2=John H. Batchelor|title=Soul of the Sword: An Illustrated History of Weaponry and Warfare from Prehistory to the Present|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eoEagVTujdcC&pg=PA243|year=2002|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-84407-7|pages=243–}}
</ref>
 
In the 1930s, the Japanese found this type of attack proved to be effective in China and it became accepted military tactics in the Japanese army where numerically weaker Japanese forces using their superior training in bayonets were able to defeat larger Chinese forces.<ref>https://books.google.com.au/books?id=6rvlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=Banzai+charge++chinese&source=bl&ots=e025zdHZI0&sig=9zfy2gozOAv7rTQNr_0vcbIX6YQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf6N_3qu3KAhXFG6YKHR3cAV84ChDoAQguMAU#v=onepage&q=Banzai%20charge%20%20chinese&f=false</ref>
 
==در جنگ جهانی دوم==
 
During the war period, the Japanese militarist government began disseminating propaganda that romanticized suicide attack, using one of the virtues of [[بوشیدو]] as the basis for the campaign. The Japanese government presented war as purifying, with death defined as a duty.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} By the end of 1944, the government announced the last protocol, unofficially named {{نیهونگو|''ichioku gyokusai''|一億玉砕||literally "100 million shattered jewels"}}, for the purpose of resisting opposition forces until August, 1945.
 
During the [[Makin Island raid|U.S. raid on Makin Island]], on August 17, 1942, the [[Marine Raiders|U.S. Marine Raiders]] attacking the island initially spotted and then killed Japanese machine gunners. The Japanese defenders then launched a banzai charge with rifles and swords but were stopped by superior American firepower. The pattern was repeated in additional attacks, but with similar results.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M9P7aljVMe8C&pg=PA90&dq=banzai+charge+semi-automatic+rifle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rKQtUcffEqfYigL0xoGYDw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=banzai%20charge%20semi-automatic%20rifle&f=false |title=Hard Corps: Legends of the Marine Corps |author=U.S. Marine Corps Andrew A. Bufalo |date=November 10, 2004 |publisher=S&B Publishing
|isbn=9780974579351 |accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref>
 
During the [[نبرد گوادالکانال]], on August 21, 1942, Colonel [[Kiyonao Ichiki]] led 800 soldiers to launch a direct attack against the American line guarding [[Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)|Henderson Field]] in the [[Battle of the Tenaru]]. After small-scale combat engagement in the jungle, Ichiki's army launched its banzai charge on the enemy; however, with an organized American defense line already in place, most of the Japanese soldiers were killed and Ichiki subsequently committed suicide.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Battle of Guadalcanal|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/battle_of_guadalcanal.htm|work=History Learning Site|publisher=HistoryLearningSite.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2012|author=Staff|year=2000–2012}}</ref>
 
The largest Banzai attack of the war took place in the [[نبرد سایپان]] in 1944 where, at the cost of almost 4,300 dead Japanese soldiers, it almost destroyed the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 105th U.S. Infantry, who lost almost 650 men.<ref>Harold Goldberg, ''D-Day in the Pacific: The Battle of Saipan'', Indiana University Press, 2007. pp. 167–194</ref>
 
Banzai charges were always of dubious effectiveness. In the early stages of the Second World War, a sudden banzai charge might overwhelm small groups of enemy soldiers unprepared for such an attack, but by the end most were completely useless militarily, costing the lives of most of the participants with little damage inflicted in return. At best they were conducted by groups of surviving soldiers when the main battle was already lost, as a last resort or as an alternative to surrender. At worst they threw away valuable resources in men and arms in suicidal attacks which only hastened defeat. Some Japanese commanders, such as General [[تادامیچی کوری‌بایاشی]], recognized the futility and waste of such attacks and expressly forbade their men to carry them out.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}
 
==منابع==
{{پانویس|۲|چپ‌چین=بله}}
 
 
[[رده:تاریخ نظامی ژاپن]]
برگرفته از «https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/بانزای»