قدرت منطقه‌ای: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
برچسب‌ها: خنثی‌سازی ویرایش پیشرفتهٔ همراه |
نجات ۱۶ منبع و علامت‌زدن ۰ به‌عنوان مرده.) #IABot (v2.0 |
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خط ۱:
[[پرونده:Participants_at_the_2015_G20_Summit_in_Turkey.jpg|بندانگشتی|400x400پیکسل|رهبران بیشتر قدرتهای منطقه در نشست 2015 G-۲۰ نشست در [[آنتالیا]]<nowiki/>ی [[ترکیه]]]]
در [[روابط بین‌الملل|روابط بین‌المللی]]، یک '''قدرت منطقه ای''' کشوری است که در یک ناحیه [[جغرافیا|جغرافیایی]] دارای قدرت است.<ref name="es">
== ویژگی‌ها ==
قدرتهای منطقه ای قطبیت یک ناحیه منطقه ای را شکل می‌دهند. معمولاً، قدرتهای منطقه‌ای دارای توانمندی‌هایی هستند که در منطقه مهم است، اما دارای توانمندی‌هایی در مقیاس جهانی نیستند. در تعریف‌های قدرت منطقه‌ای اندکی تضاد وجود دارد. کنسرسیوم اروپایی برای پژوهش‌های سیاسی یک قدرت منطقه ای را به عنوان «یک دولت متعلق به یک ناحیه تعریف شده از نظر جغرافیایی که از نظر [[علم اقتصاد|اقتصادی]] و [[نیروی نظامی|نظامی]] بر این منطقه حاکم است، قادر به اِعمال [[قدرت (روابط بین‌الملل)|نفوذ]] مسلط در منطقه و نفوذ قابل توجهی در مقیاس جهانی است، مایل به استفاده از منابع قدرت است و توسط همسایگان خود به عنوان رهبر منطقه ای به رسمیت شناخته یا حتی پذیرفته شده» تعریف می‌شود.<ref name="es">
مؤسسه مطالعات جهانی و منطقه‌ای بیان می‌کند که یک قدرت منطقه ای باید:<ref name="po">[http://www.giga-hamburg.de/content/forumregional/pdf/giga_conference_RegionalPowers_0612/giga_RegPowers0612_paper_beck.pdf www.giga-hamburg.de]</ref>
خط ۴۴:
=== آمریکای لاتین ===
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Argentina}}''' {{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>"Argentina has been the leading military and economic power in the Southern Cone in the Twentieth Century."</ref><ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61">"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."</ref><ref>"The US has created a foundation upon which the regional powers, especially Argentina and Brazil, can developed their own rules for further managing regional relations."</ref><ref>"The southern cone of South America, including Argentina and Brazil, the two regional powers, has recently become a pluralistic security community."</ref><ref>"[...] notably by linking the Southern Cone's rival regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."</ref><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6">Samuel P. Huntington, "Culture, Power, and Democracy," in ''Globalization, Power, and Democracy'', edited by Marc Plattner and Aleksander Smolar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 6.</ref><ref>""The driving force behind the adoption of the MERCOSUR agreement was similar to that of the establishment of the EU: the hope of limiting the possibilities of traditional military hostility between the major regional powers, Brazil and Argentina."</ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Brazil}}'''{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Brazil-as-a-Regional-Power3.pdf|title=Brazil as a Regional Power: Views from the Hemisphere|accessdate=16 April 2012|publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|last=Arnson|first=Cynthia|last2=Sotero|first2=Paulo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|title=Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities|accessdate=16 April 2012|publisher=Chatham House|last=De Lima|first=Maria Regina Soares|last2=Hirst|first2=Monica|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106023112/http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/International%20Affairs/Blanket%20File%20Import/inta_513.pdf|archivedate=۶ نوامبر ۲۰۱۲|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fiia.fi/assets/publications/bp82.pdf|title=Assertive Brazil, an emerging power and its implications|accessdate=16 April 2012|publisher=Finnish Institute of International Affairs|last=Wigell|first=Mikael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/conferences/flemes.pdf|title=Brazil’s strategic options in a multiregional world order|accessdate=16 April 2012|publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies|last=Flemes, Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/12944490/Unveiling_the_South_American_Balance|title=Unveiling the South American Balance|accessdate=16 April 2015|publisher=Estudos Internacionais|last=Schenoni, Luis}}</ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Mexico}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA|title=Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence|accessdate=11 April 2012|publisher=The University of Manchester|last=James Scott, Matthias vom Hau and David Hulme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/content/staff/nolte/publications/how_to_compare_nolte.pdf|title=How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics|accessdate=11 April 2012|publisher=British International Studies Association}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2006/05.pdf Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=2892|title=China’s Rise and Latin America: A Global, Long-Term Perspective|accessdate=17 April 2012|publisher=Inter-American Dialogue|last=Dadush|first=Uri|quote=Moreover, the rise of regional powers Brazil and Mexico, and their burgeoning middle classes, could be a boon for other Latin American economies.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514180123/http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32&pubID=2892|archivedate=۱۴ مه ۲۰۱۳|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
=== آسیا ===
خط ۵۱:
==== شرق آسیا ====
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|China}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,503050425-1051243,00.html Living With The Giants - TIME]</ref><ref>[http://www.au.af.mil/au/aul/bibs/cgrp.htm China: Global/Regional Power]</ref><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/neighbors/ CNN In-Depth Specials - Visions of China - Asian Superpower: Regional 'godfather' or local bully?]</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2006/s1642878.htm www.abc.net]</ref><ref>http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=780 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831064146/http://www.aseanfocus.com/asiananalysis/article.cfm?articleID=780 |date=۳۱ اوت ۲۰۰۷ }} www.aseanfocus.com</ref><ref name="alla">[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/0/7/9/p360796_index.html U.S. Policy to Asia for Regional Powers in New Science and Technology: China, Russia, Japan and Korea with Nuclear Potential], allacademic.com</ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Japan}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="alla">[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/0/7/9/p360796_index.html U.S. Policy to Asia for Regional Powers in New Science and Technology: China, Russia, Japan and Korea with Nuclear Potential], allacademic.com</ref><ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=2EE3EF674E08CB40D5050A82CE8B22BD.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=392746# Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem]</ref><ref name="cbs">
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|South Korea}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="alla">[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/0/7/9/p360796_index.html U.S. Policy to Asia for Regional Powers in New Science and Technology: China, Russia, Japan and Korea with Nuclear Potential], allacademic.com</ref><ref>http://www.springerlink.com/content/nrnnj1f163kaxye3/</ref><ref>{{یادکرد وب |url=http://www.hudsonny.org/2010/03/the-korean-incident-changing-dynamics-in-asia.php |title=نسخه آرشیو شده |accessdate=۵ نوامبر ۲۰۱۶ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407093033/http://www.hudsonny.org/2010/03/the-korean-incident-changing-dynamics-in-asia.php |archivedate=۷ آوریل ۲۰۱۰ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{یادکرد وب |url=http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Press/jfq_pages/editions/i47/19.pdf |title=نسخه آرشیو شده |accessdate=۵ نوامبر ۲۰۱۶ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109072730/http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Press/jfq_pages/editions/i47/19.pdf |archivedate=۹ ژانویه ۲۰۰۹ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/events/2009/0416_korea/20090416_korea.pdf</ref><ref name="books.google.co.uk">[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers&ots=A3H1zZvfp4&sig=qSCxRlF4ImYrrKmiSNarSxTQTyE#v=onepage&q&f=false The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century]</ref>
==== جنوب آسیا ====
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|India}}'''{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|url=|title=The United States and the Great Powers|last=Buzan|first=Barry|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|isbn=0-7456-3375-7|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=71}}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers">{{Cite book|title=Regions and powers: the structure of international security|last=Buzan|first=Barry|last2=Wæver|first2=Ole|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-89111-6|location=Cambridge|pages=55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf|title=Is India a Major Power?|last=Perkovich|first=George|journal=The Washington Quarterly|accessdate=2007-12-13|issue=27.1 Winter 2003-04|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Encarta">[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html Encarta - Great Powers]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S&Ps/1993-Sp/S&P_VII-3/great_power.html|title=Swords and Ploughshares- India: The Fourth Great Power?|last=Dilip Mohite|date=Spring 1993|publisher=Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS)|accessdate=2007-12-13|journal=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901150133/http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/S%26Ps/1993-Sp/S%26P_VII-3/great_power.html|archive-date=۱ سپتامبر ۲۰۰۶|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Pakistan}}'''<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=o46rAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nuclear+Strategy+in+the+Modern+Era:+Regional+Powers+and+International+Conflict&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMImtWgvbvvyAIVAbwUCh133QiJ#v=onepage&q=Nuclear%20Strategy%20in%20the%20Modern%20Era:%20Regional%20Powers%20and%20International%20Conflict&f=false Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era: Regional Powers and International Conflict]</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20020624231948/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html</ref><ref>https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8&redir_esc=y</ref>{{Ref label|Next 11|N11}}
خط ۶۶:
در منطقه خاورمیانه سه کشور اسراییل ایران و عربستان که هر کدام قدرت اقتصادی نظامی و فرهنگی مخصوص به خود را دارند و می‌توانند در کشورهای دیگر منطقه نفوذ سیاسی و فرهنگی بکنند.
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Iran}}'''{{Ref label|Next 11|N11}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|url=|title=The United States and the Great Powers|last=Buzan|first=Barry|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|isbn=0-7456-3375-7|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=71}}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers">{{Cite book|title=Regions and powers: the structure of international security|last=Buzan|first=Barry|last2=Wæver|first2=Ole|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-89111-6|location=Cambridge|pages=55}}</ref><ref>""Iran is a strong regional power, in a far better shape than Pakistan because f its economic capabilities, rich mineral and energy resources, and internal stability, added to its far greater geostrategic importance."</ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Israel}}'''{{Ref|reference_name_A|a}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|url=|title=The United States and the Great Powers|last=Buzan|first=Barry|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|isbn=0-7456-3375-7|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=71}}</ref><ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html www.lrb.co.uk]</ref><ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Saudi Arabia}}''' {{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|url=|title=The United States and the Great Powers|last=Buzan|first=Barry|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|isbn=0-7456-3375-7|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages=71}}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers">{{Cite book|title=Regions and powers: the structure of international security|last=Buzan|first=Barry|last2=Wæver|first2=Ole|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-521-89111-6|location=Cambridge|pages=55}}</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_2002_Sept_23/ai_92080737 findarticles.com]</ref><ref>
=== اروپا ===
[[فرانسه]]، [[آلمان]]، [[ایتالیا]] و [[بریتانیا]] به عنوان چهار ابرقدرت بزرگ اروپا شناخته می‌شوند.<ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=xVN_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA265&dq=Global+Security:+Major+European+powers&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAGoVChMIt52n9-n4yAIVAVMaCh3LBgOn#v=onepage&q=Global%20Security:%20Major%20European%20powers&f=false Major European powers]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.it/books?id=fQ4JBwLsz8cC&pg=PA788&dq=major+European+nations,+The+UK,+France,+Germany+and+Italy&hl=it&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIkvDI2ur4yAIVRcMUCh0GPw38#v=onepage&q=major%20European%20nations,%20The%20UK,%20France,%20Germany%20and%20Italy&f=false Major European nations]</ref> از لحاظ تاریخی، قدرتهای غالب در این منطقه امپراطوری‌های استعماری مختلفی امپراتوری در سراسر جهان (مانند امپراطوری بریتانیایی، امپراطوری فرانسوری یا امپراطوری اسپانیایی) به وجود آورده‌اند. اکنون، بیشتر این قاره به دلیل بزرگ شدن [[اتحادیه اروپا]] یکپارچه شده است.
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|France}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="ai">[http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf www.aims.ca] {{Webarchive| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721181621/http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf| date =21 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="cbs">
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Germany}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="ai">[http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf www.aims.ca] {{Webarchive| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060721181621/http://www.aims.ca/library/huntington.pdf| date =21 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="cbs">
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Italy}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref>Gabriele Abbondanza, ''Italy as a Regional Power: the African Context from National Unification to the Present Day'' (Rome: Aracne, 2016)</ref><ref>"Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy."</ref><ref>"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs.</ref><ref>[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/catalogue/3303331600596/index.shtml .]</ref>
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|United Kingdom}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|G7|G7|}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="Huntington 2001 p. 61">"Secondary regional powers in Huntington's view include Great Britain, Ukraine, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Argentina."</ref><ref name="Samuel P. Huntington 2000 p. 6">Samuel P. Huntington, "Culture, Power, and Democracy," in ''Globalization, Power, and Democracy'', edited by Marc Plattner and Aleksander Smolar (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 6.</ref><ref>[http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/rpn/conferences/mayer.pdf] France, Germany, Britain – Responses of Traditional Regional
خط ۷۹:
=== قدرتهای منطقه ای بین قاره‌ای ===
کشورهای بین قاره‌ای مانند روسیه قادر به اعمال نفوذ منطقه‌ای در مناطق بزرگی از جهان هستند.
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Russia}}'''{{Ref label|GP|GP|}}{{Ref label|BRICS|BRICS}}{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="alla">[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/6/0/7/9/p360796_index.html U.S. Policy to Asia for Regional Powers in New Science and Technology: China, Russia, Japan and Korea with Nuclear Potential], allacademic.com</ref><ref name="cbs">
* '''{{پرچم-کشور|Turkey}}'''{{Ref label|G20|G20|}}<ref name="books.google.co.uk">[https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&oi=fnd&pg=PR8&dq=The+United+States+and+the+Great+Powers&ots=A3H1zZvfp4&sig=qSCxRlF4ImYrrKmiSNarSxTQTyE#v=onepage&q&f=false The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century]</ref><ref name="StratforTurkey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise|title=Turkey and Russia on the Rise|date=2009-03-17|accessdate=2011-08-21|publisher=Stratfor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823084005/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20090317_turkey_and_russia_rise|archivedate=۲۳ اوت ۲۰۱۱|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="HeptagonTurkey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.heptagonpost.com/Dessi/can_turkey_be_a_source_of_stability_in_the_middle_east|title=Can Turkey Be a Source of Stability in the Middle East?|date=2010-12-18|accessdate=2011-05-16|publisher=heptagonpost.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/21536598 The Economist: "Turkish foreign policy: Ottoman dreamer", 5 November 2011.]</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/21536647 The Economist: "Turkey in the Balkans: The good old days?", 5 November 2011.]</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2099674,00.html "Erdoğan's Moment"], cover story in the [[تایم|Time magazine]] issue of November 21–28, 2011.</ref>
=== اقیانوسیه ===
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