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سنی: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

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{{اسلام}}{{اهل سنت}}'''سنت''' یا '''تسنن'''، بزرگ‌ترین [[مذاهب اسلامی|مذهب]] دین [[اسلام]] است که حدود 87۸۷ تا 90۹۰ درصد [[مسلمانان]] پیرو آن هستند.<ref name="Sunni-eb">*{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|date=October 7, 2009|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|accessdate=2013-09-24|quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3&dq=Sunni+Islam#v=onepage&q=Sunni%20Islam Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide] "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
* {{cite web|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni|title=Sunni|publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]]|accessdate=December 20, 2012|quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5&nbsp;billion Muslims.}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=Religions|last=|first=|date=|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=theguardian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|accessdate=2010-08-25|quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...}}</ref> کلمه ''سنت'' در نام این فرقه اسلامی، اشاره به شیوه زندگی [[محمد بن عبدالله]] دارد که آن را ''[[سنت (پیامبر اسلام)|سنت پیامبر]]'' می‌نامند.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sunni Islam|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280}}</ref> اختلاف میان [[شیعه]] و سنی از زمان درگذشت پیامبر اسلام و تفاوت نظر بر سر [[جانشینی محمد|جانشینی]] او آغاز شد و رفته رفته تبدیل به اختلاف نظرهای سیاسی و [[فقه|دینی]] گردید.<ref name="EMMENA">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi|title=Sunni Islam|editor=Philip Mattar|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa|publisher=MacMillan Reference|year=2004|edition=Second}}</ref>
 
به باور اهل سنت، محمد برای خود جانشینی تعیین نکرد و جامعه اسلامی بر اساس ''سنت'' عمل کرده و [[ابوبکر]]، پدرزن پیامبر اسلام، را به عنوان نخستین [[خلافت|خلیفه]] برگزیده‌است.<ref name="EMMENA" /> در سمت مقابل، شیعیان معتقدند که محمد [[علی بن ابی‌طالب|علی]] را به عنوان جانشین خود انتخاب کرده‌است.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jafri|first=Syed Husain Mohammad|date=27 August 1976|title=The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (Millennium (Series)) (The Millennium (Series).)|location=Karachi, Pakistan|publisher=Oxford University Press (First Published By Longman Group Ltd and Librairie du Liban 1979)|pages=19–21|isbn=9780195793871978-0-19-579387-1|quote=The Shi'a unequivocally take the word in the meaning of leader, master and patron, and therefore the explicitly nominated successor of the Prophet. The Sunnis, on the other hand, interpret the word mawla in the meaning of a friend, or the nearest kin and confidant.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alimamali.com/html/eng/index.html|title=Chapter IV Iamhood|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=<!--Not stated-->|website=Imam Ali (a.s.) Foundation|publisher=Imam Ali (a.s.) Foundation, an affiliate website of the Grand Ayatullah al-Sayyid Ali al-Hussani al-Sistani|access-date=24 December 2017|quote=Appointing the heir was done when the Prophet [P] returned from the (Departure Pilgrimage); he [p] gathered all the pilgrims in a place called (Ghadeer khum) addressing them with a lengthy speech through which he asked:(Do not I own thy souls more that thou do, they said: aye). Then he [p] took Imam Ali [p] by the shoulder, holding him in front of the people and said:(He whom I am his guardian, Ali be his guardian). Thus he [p] certified Imam Ali's [p] heavenly guardianship; so everybody who was present then paid tribute to him, including the second Caliph ( i. e Omar Ben Al-Khattab), who congratulated Ali [p] saying: (Blassed be thee O! Ali, thou became my guardian and the guardian of every Mo'men.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211173515/http://www.alimamali.com/html/eng/index.html|archive-date=2017-12-11|url-status=live|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/beliefs-did-prophet-s-appoint-successor|title=Beliefs: Did the Prophet (s) Appoint a Successor|last=<!--Not stated-->|first=<!--Not stated-->|date=<!--Not stated-->|website=Al-Islam.org|publisher=<!--Not stated-->|access-date=25 December 2017|quote=The Shi'ah believe that the proclamation mentioned by the Qur'anic verse was fulfilled by the Prophet (s) when he appointed Imam 'Ali bin Abi Talib (a) as his successor on the day of Ghadir Khumm.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203104/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/beliefs-did-prophet-s-appoint-successor|archive-date=2017-12-25|url-status=live|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ismailignosis.com/2015/07/07/imam-ali-declared-the-successor-of-prophet-muhammad-in-sunni-hadith-literature/|title=Imam Ali declared the Successor of Prophet Muhammad in Sunni Hadith Literature|author=Mawlana Hazar Imam|date=<!--Not stated-->|website=Ismaili Gnosis|publisher=Ismaili Gnosis|access-date=25 December 2017|quote=As you know, the Shi'a divided from the Sunni after the death of Prophet Muhammad. Hazrat Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, was in Shia belief, named by the Prophet to be the Legitimate Authority for the interpretation of the faith. For Shi'a today all over the world, he is regarded as the first imam.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226020706/https://ismailignosis.com/2015/07/07/imam-ali-declared-the-successor-of-prophet-muhammad-in-sunni-hadith-literature/|archive-date=2017-12-26|url-status=live|df=}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20160103">{{cite news|last=Harney|first=John|title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html|date=January 3, 2016|work=The New York Times|accessdate=January 4, 2016|quote=Shiites believe that he chose Ali, his cousin and son-in-law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103215745/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html|archive-date=2016-01-03|url-status=live|df=}}</ref> تنش سیاسی میان شیعیان و اهل سنت در طول تاریخ اسلام به مرور بیشتر شد و اخیرااخیراً با ظهور [[وهابیت]]، به اوج خود رسیده‌است.<ref name="EMMENA" />
 
پیروان تسنن را در [[زبان عربی|عربی]] ''اهل سنت و جماعت'' (عربی: ''أهل السنة والجماعة'') یا به صورت ساده‌تر، ''اهل سنت'' می‌نامند.<ref name="marmura-term">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Michael E. Marmura|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|entry-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0764|entry-url-access=subscription|ref=harv|quote=Sunnī Muslims have thus referred to themselves as ahl al-sunnah wa al-jamāʿah (people of the sunnah and the community).|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=9780195305135978-0-19-530513-5|entry=Sunnī Islam (Historical Overview)}}</ref><ref name="lucas-term">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity Online|author=Lucas, Scott C.|title=Sunnism, Sunni|publisher=Brill|year=2011|quote=The terms "Sunnism" and "Sunni" are anglicizations of Arab. ahl al-sunnah (the people of the Sunna [lit. "custom, way"]) or ahl al-sunnah wa-l-jamāʿa (the people of the Sunna and community).|doi=10.1163/2211-2685_eco_SI.100}}</ref> در غرب، به خصوص در [[زبان انگلیسی]]، گاهی اوقات اهل سنت را «مسلمانان ارتدکس» نیز خطاب می‌کنند؛<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Richard Thackrah|title=Dictionary of Terrorism|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-16595-6|page=252|edition=2, revised}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Nasir|editor1-first=Jamal J.|title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004172739|page=11|edition=revised}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=George W. Braswell|title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims|date=2000|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8054-1829-3|page=62|edition=illustrated}}</ref> با این حال در مورد این ترجمه اختلاف نظر وجود دارد.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'', and so 'innovation'."</ref>
 
[[قرآن]]، [[حدیث]] (به خصوص آن دسته از احادیثی که در [[صحاح سته]] ذکر آنان رفته) و [[اجماع (فقه)|اجماع]]، پایه‌های فقه سنی را تشکیل می‌دهند. تسنن مجموعه‌ای از مذاهب سنی است که به مرور زمان، میانشان اختلافاتی پدید آمده‌است. [[اشاعره]] و [[ماتریدی]] دو مکتب [[علم کلام|کلامی]]، و [[حنفی]]، [[مالکی]]، [[شافعی]] و [[حنبلی]] مذاهب اربعه را تشکیل می‌دهند.<ref>Todd Lawson ''The Crucifixion and the Qur'an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought'' Oneworld Publications 2014 {{ISBN|9781780746753}} p. 13</ref>
 
== جستارهای وابسته ==
{{درگاه|اسلام|اهل سنت}}
{{ویکی‌گفتاورد}}
* [[اسلام]]
* [[نقد سنت]]
* [[جانشینی محمد]]
* [[شیعه]]
* [[مذاهب اسلامی]]{{انبار-رده}}
 
== منابع ==
<references />{{پانویس|۲}}{{موضوعات اسلام}}
{{مباحث دین}}
{{دین در کردستان}}
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