نیکلاس کوپرنیک: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

'''نیکلاس کوپرنیک''' {{لهستانی|''Mikołaj Kopernik''}} {{آلمانی||''Nikolaus Kopernikus''}}{{refn|{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor1-last=Roach |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Setter |editor3-first=Jane |year=2003 |orig-year=1917 |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8}}}}{{refn|{{Dictionary.com|Copernicus}}}}{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Copernicus}}}}<ref>modern pronunciation of the Polish form of the name: {{IPA-pl|mʲiˈkɔwaj kɔˈpɛrɲik||Pl-Mikołaj Kopernik.ogg}}</ref> {{رچ}} ([[۱۹ فوریه]] [[۱۴۷۳ (میلادی)|۱۴۷۳]] – [[۲۴ مه]] [[۱۵۴۳ (میلادی)|۱۵۴۳]]) [[ستاره‌شناسی|ستاره‌شناس]]، [[ریاضیدان]] و [[اقتصاددان]]ی [[لهستان]]ی-[[آلمان|آلمانی]] بود که [[نظریه خورشید مرکزی]] [[منظومه شمسی]] را گسترش داد و به صورت علمی درآورد. وی پس از سال‌ها مطالعه و مشاهده اجرام آسمانی به این نتیجه رسید که بر خلاف تصوری که کلیسا پشتیبان آن بود زمین در مرکز [[کیهان|کائنات]] قرار ندارد، بلکه این [[خورشید]] است که در مرکز منظومه شمسی است و سایر [[سیارات]] از جمله [[زمین]] به دور آن در حال گردشند.در کتاب [[ابوریحان بیرونی]] هم گفته شده که زمین به دور خورشید می‌چرخد و کسانی بعد از او ادعا کردند که با کمک کتاب [[ابوریحان بیرونی]] توانسته اند این موضوع را اثبات کنند. <ref>[[#Reference-Linton-2004|Linton 2004]], pp. &nbsp;39, 119.</ref>{{efn|The Greek mathematician and astronomer [[Aristarchus of Samos]] proposed such a system during the third century BCE. ([[#Reference-Dreyer-1953|Dreyer 1953]], [https://archive.org/stream/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft#page/134/mode/2up pp. 135–48]). Copernicus was aware of Aristarchus' heliocentric theory and cited him in an early (unpublished) manuscript of ''De Revolutionibus'' (which still survives), though he removed the reference from his final published manuscript.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Owen Gingerich]], "Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus?", ''[[Journal for the History of Astronomy]]'', vol. 16, no. 1 (February 1985), pp. 37–42.</ref>}}{{efn|[[Dava Sobel]] writes: "Copernicus had no idea that Aristarchus of Samos had proposed much the same thing [as Copernicus was contemplating by 1510, when he wrote his ''Brief Sketch'', otherwise also known as the ''Commentariolus''] in the third century B.C. The only work by Aristarchus known to Copernicus—a treatise called ''On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon''—made no mention of a heliocentric plan." Sobel (2011) pp. 18–19. Sobel further writes that in Copernicus' dedication of ''[[On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres|On the Revolutions]]'' to [[Pope Paul III]]—which Copernicus hoped would dampen criticism of his [[heliocentric theory]] by "babblers... completely ignorant of [astronomy]"—the book's author wrote that, in rereading all of philosophy, in the pages of [[Cicero]] and [[Plutarch]] he had found references to those few thinkers who dared to move the Earth "against the traditional opinion of astronomers and almost against common sense." Sobel comments: "He still knew nothing of the Earth-moving plan of Aristarchus, which had not yet been reported to Latin audiences." (pp. 179–82).}}