''''گرند کنیون'''{{انگلیسی|Grand Canyon}} یک دره است که میان آن [[رود کلرادو]] قرار دارد و در [[ایالت آریزونا]]، [[آمریکا]] قرار دارد. بخشی بزرگی از گرند کنیون در [[پارک ملی گرند کنیون]] قرار دارد که یکی از اولین [[پارک ملی|پارک‌های ملی]] در آمریکا است.
The '''Grand Canyon''' is a steep-sided [[canyon]] carved by the [[Colorado River]] in the [[United States]] in the state of [[Arizona]]. It is largely contained within the [[Grand Canyon National Park]], one of the first [[national parks]] in the United States. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was a major proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area, and visited it on numerous occasions to hunt and enjoy the scenery.
Theطول Grandگرند Canyon isکنیون {{convert|277|mi|km}} long,و عرض upآن toتا {{convert|18|mi|km}} wideمی‌رسد andو attainsعمق aآن depthیک of over a mileمایل ({{convert|6000|ft|m|disp=/}}) است<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kiver|first1=E.P.|last2=Harris|first2=D.V.|year=1999|title=Geology of US Parklands|publisher=Wiley|page=902}}</ref> Nearlyاین twoدره billionاحتمالا yearsدر ofدو theمیلیارد [[Earth]]'sسال geologicalپیش historyو haveبا beenفرسایش exposedسنگ‌ها asتوسط theرود Coloradoکلرادو Riverبه andوجود its tributaries cut their [[Stream channel|channels]] through layer after layer of rock while the [[Colorado Plateau]] was [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]]آمده‌است.<ref name=npsgeol>[http://www.nps.gov/grca/naturescience/geologicformations.htm Geologic Formations of the Grand Canyon] National Park Service Retrieved 2009-11-17</ref> While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon are the subject of debate by geologists,<ref name=carvingGC>{{cite book|title=Carving Grand Canyon: Evidence, Theories, and Mystery|first=Wayne|last=Ranney|publisher=Grand Canyon Association|year=2005|isbn=978-0-938216-82-7}}</ref> recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.<ref name=17million>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/07/science/07canyon.html?ref=us|newspaper=New York Times|title=Grand Canyon Still Grand but Older|date=2008-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Science|date=2008-03-07|volume=319|issue=5868|pmid=18323451|pages=1377–1380|doi=10.1126/science.1151248|title=Age and Evolution of the Grand Canyon Revealed by U-Pb Dating of Water Table-Type Speleothems|first1=Victor|last1=Polyak|first2=Carol|last2=Hill|first3=Yemane|last3=Asmerom}}</ref> Since that time, the Colorado River continued to erode and form the canyon to its present-day configuration.<ref>{{cite web|first=Bill|last=Butler|url=http://www.durangobill.com/Paleorivers_preface.html|title=Evolution of the Colorado River and its Tributaries including the Origin and Formation of the Grand Canyon Geologic History of the Grand Canyon|accessdate=2010-10-22}}</ref>
Before European immigration, the area was inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] who built settlements within the canyon and its many caves. The [[Puebloan peoples|Pueblo people]] considered the Grand Canyon ("Ongtupqa" in [[Hopi language]]) a holy site and made pilgrimages to it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Douglas R.|last2=Lippert|first2=Dorothy|first3=Judy L.|last3=Brunson-Hadley|title=Ancient Burial Practices in the American Southwest|publisher=UNM Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|edition=reprint, illustrated|isbn=082633461X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T7VBVRMFJiAC&pg=PA11&dq=Ongtupqa|page=11|date=2004-02-15}}</ref> The first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was [[Garcia Lopez de Cardenas|García López de Cárdenas]] from Spain, who arrived in 1540.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/c/COLORADOPLATEU.html|title=History of the Colorado Plateau|work=Utah History Encyclopedia|accessdate=2010-10-22}}</ref>
