لوک سبها: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
بدون خلاصۀ ویرایش برچسب: حاوی پیوند به خود ویکی‌فا (AF) |
بدون خلاصۀ ویرایش |
||
خط ۱:
{{Coord|28|37|3|N|77|12|30|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #008000
| text_color = #FFFFFF
| name = House of the People
| native_name = लोक सभा
| transcription_name = Lōk Sabhā
| legislature = 15th Lok Sabha
| coa_pic = Emblem_of_India.svg
| coa_res = 125px
| coa_alt = Emblem of India
| house_type = Lower house
| body = Parliament of India
| houses =
| leader1_type = [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| leader1 = [[Meira Kumar]]
| party1 = ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| election1 = 3 June 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Bioprofile of Meira Kumar|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3066|publisher=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref>
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha|Deputy Speaker]]
| leader2 = [[Kariya Munda]]
| party2 = ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| election2 = 8 June 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Bioprofile of Kariya Munda|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=259|publisher=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref>
| leader3_type = Leader of the House
| leader3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| party3 = ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| election3 = 26 May 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Bioprofile of Pranab Mukherjee|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4195|publisher=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref>
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha)]]
| leader4 = [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| party4 = ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| election4 = 21 December 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Bioprofile of Sushma Swaraj|publisher=Fifteenth Lok Sabha Member's Bioprofile|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3812|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref>
| leader5_type =
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 =
| leader6_type =
| leader6 =
| party6 =
| election6 =
| members = 545 (543 elected + 2 appointed)<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm|publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref>
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure1_alt =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| structure2_alt =
| political_groups1 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] [[TF]] Others
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 = [[First past the post]]
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 = [[Indian general election, 2009|April–May, 2009]]
| last_election2 =
| previous_election1 =
| previous_election2 =
| session_room = Sansad Bhavan-2.jpg
| session_res =
| session_alt = This is a view of Sansad Bhavan, seat of the Parliament of India
| meeting_place = Lok Sabha Chambers, [[Sansad Bhavan]], Sansad Marg, New Delhi
| website = {{url|http://loksabha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| motto = धर्मचक्रपरिवर्तनाय॥ - ''To rotate the wheel of [[dharma]]''.
}}
خانه مردم The '''Lok Sabha''' ({{lang-hi|लोक सभा}})
یا خانه پایین یا مجلس سفلا
s the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>[http://www.eci.gov.in/ElectoralSystem/electoral_system.asp Election Commission India]</ref>
.<ref>[http://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/ge2009/Affidavits_fs.htm], State wise affidavits filed in 2009 by candidates</ref>
== جلسات==
First hour of every sitting is called the [[Question Hour]], during which questions posed by members may be assigned to specific [[Government of India|government ministries]], to be answered at a fixed date in the future.
The Lok Sabha shares legislative power with the [[Rajya Sabha]], except in the area of [[money bill]]s, in which case the Lok Sabha has the ultimate authority. In the case of money bills, it is only sent to the Rajya Sabha for recommendations. In the case of other bills, the bill is sent for a period of 14 working days, and if it is not returned within that span of time, it is considered as passed. If conflicting [[legislation]] is enacted by the two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the [[Rajya Sabha]].
Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year:
*Budget session: February to May.
*Monsoon session: July to September.
*Winter session: November to December.
==قدرت==
The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the [[Rajya Sabha]].
*[[Motion of confidence|Motions of no confidence]] against the [[Government of India|government]] can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the Council of Ministers resigns collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence no real power over the executive. However, the Prime Minister may threaten the dissolution of the Lok Sabha and recommend this to the President, forcing an untimely general election. The President normally accepts this recommendation unless otherwise convinced that the Lok Sabha might recommend a new Prime Minister by a majority vote. Thus, both the executive and the legislature in India have checks and balances over each other.
*[[Money bill]]s can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The [[Economy of India|budget]] is presented in the Lok Sabha by the [[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]] in the name of the [[President of India]].
*In matters pertaining to non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a [[Plurality (voting)|simple majority]]. The will of the Lok Sabha normally prevails in these matters, as its strength is more than double that of the Rajya Sabha.
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
*Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
*If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National [[State of Emergency in India|Emergency]], the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.
==Composition by states and territories==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Subdivision||Type||No. of constituencies<ref name="composition">{{cite web| url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm| title=Lok Sabha Introduction| publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India| accessdate=2008-09-22}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]||Union Territory|| 1
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]||State|| 42
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]||State|| 2
|-
|[[Assam]]||State|| 14
|-
|[[Bihar]]||State|| 40
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]||Union Territory|| 1
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]||State|| 11
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]||Union Territory|| 1
|-
|[[Daman and Diu]]||Union Territory|| 1
|-
|[[Delhi]]||Union Territory|| 7
|-
|[[Goa]]||State|| 2
|-
|[[Gujarat]]||State|| 26
|-
|[[Haryana]]||State|| 10
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]||State|| 4
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir]]||State|| 6
|-
|[[Jharkhand]]||State|| 14
|-
|[[Karnataka]]||State|| 28
|-
|[[Kerala]]||State|| 20
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]||Union Territory|| 1
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]||State|| 29
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]||State|| 48
|-
|[[Manipur]]||State|| 2
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]||State|| 2
|-
|[[Mizoram]]||State|| 1
|-
|[[Nagaland]]||State|| 1
|-
|[[Orissa]]||State|| 21
|-
|[[Pondicherry]]||Union Territory|| 1
|-
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]||State|| 13
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]||State|| 25
|-
|[[Sikkim]]||State|| 1
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu]]||State|| 39
|-
|[[Tripura]]||State|| 2
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]||State|| 5
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]||State|| 80
|-
|[[West Bengal]]||State|| 42
|}
==Lok Sabha and general election==
Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Lok Sabha||General Election
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1951]]
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1957]]
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1962]]
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1967]]
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1971]]
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1977]]
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1980]]
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1984]]
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1989]]
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1991]]
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1996]]
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1998]]
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 1999]]
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 2004]]
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]] || [[Indian general election, 2009]]
|}
== Number of members party wise in Lok Sabha ==
* Total Members (Excluding H. S.) - 542
* Vacant Constituencies - 1
1 Banka (Bihar )</br>
* Nominated Member - 2
Present members of Lok Sabha by political party and alliance up to 10 January 2012:<ref>http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/partywiselist.aspx</ref><ref>http://eciresults.nic.in/FrmPartyWiseTrendsAndResults.aspx</ref><ref>http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/loksabhafinal/plist.php</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=BP Reporter|title=More Congress, less UPA|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/more-congress-less-upa/358357/|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=14 April 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Alliances
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left valign=top|Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Seats
|-
|align=left rowspan=13 valign=top|[[United Progressive Alliance]]<br/>'''Seats:''' 267
|align=left| [[Indian National Congress]]
|206
|-
|align=left| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 19
|-
|align=left| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 18
|-
|align=left| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 9
|-
|align=left| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]]
| 3
|-
|align=left| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| 2
|-
|align=left| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 5
|-
|align=left| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[Kerala Congress (Mani)]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] |
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[Nagaland People's Front]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| Bodoland Peoples Front
| 1
|-
|align=left rowspan=9 valign=top|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<br/>'''Seats:''' 154<br/>
|-
|align=left| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 114
|-
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 20
|-
|align=left| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 11
|-
|align=left| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 4
|-
|align=left| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|2
|-
|align=left| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 2
|-
|align=left| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[Haryana Janhit Congress]]
| 1
|-
|align=left rowspan=10 valign=top|[[United National Progressive Alliance|Third Front]]<br/>'''Seats:''' 77 <br/>
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 15
|-
|align=left| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 4
|-
|align=left| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 2
|-
|align=left| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 2
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 21
|-
|align=left| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 14
|-
|align=left| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 9
|-
|align=left| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 6
|-
|align=left| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3
|-
|align=left| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 1
|-
|align=left rowspan=3 valign=top|Fourth Front<br/>'''Seats:''' 26 <br/>
|-
|align=left| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 22
|-
|align=left| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4
|-
|align=left rowspan=6 valign=top|Other Parties and Independents<br/>'''Seats:''' 19<br/>
|align=left| Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
| 2
|-
|align=left| YSR Congress (YSRP)
| 2
|-
|align=left| [[Swabhimani Paksha]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]
| 1
|-
|align=left| All India United Democratic Front(AUDF)
| 1
|-
|align=left| [[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
| 9
|-
|align=left rowspan=1 colspan=2 valign=top|[[Vacant]]
| 1
|-
|align=left rowspan=1 colspan=2 valign=top|[[Nominated]]
| 2
|-
|align=center rowspan=1 valign=top|'''Total
|align=center|
| '''545
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Lawmaking procedure in India]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[List of Indian constituencies]]
*[[Indian general elections 1951–1971]]
*[[Indian general elections 1977–1999]]
*[[Indian general elections, 2004|Indian general elections 2004]]
*[[Indian general election, 2009|Indian general elections 2009]]
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha of India]]
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha (by state)]]
*[[PRS Legislative Research]]
==پانویس==
{{reflist}}
==لینکستان==
{{commons category}}
* [http://refocusindia.com/member-of-parliament-lok-sabha All Lok Sabha Members – Current and Previous]
*[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.htm Description of Lok Sabha on website of Parliament of India]
*[http://loksabha.nic.in/ Lok Sabha website]
{{India topics}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Parliament of India}}
{{Legislatures of India}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:National lower houses|India]]
[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[as:লোকসভা]]
[[bn:লোকসভা]]
[[bg:Лок Сабха (Индия)]]
[[br:Lok Sabha]]
[[cy:Lok Sabha]]
[[de:Lok Sabha]]
[[es:Lok Sabha]]
[[eo:Lok Sabha]]
[[fr:Lok Sabha]]
[[gu:લોક સભા]]
[[ko:로크 사바]]
[[hi:लोक सभा]]
[[id:Lok Sabha]]
[[it:Lok Sabha]]
[[he:לוק סבהה]]
[[kn:ಲೋಕಸಭೆ]]
[[ml:ലോക്സഭ]]
[[mr:लोकसभा]]
[[nl:Lok Sabha]]
[[ne:लोक सभा]]
[[ja:ローク・サバー]]
[[no:Lok Sabha]]
[[pa:ਲੋਕਸਭਾ]]
[[pl:Lok Sabha]]
[[pt:Lok Sabha]]
[[ru:Лок сабха]]
[[sa:लोकसभा]]
[[fi:Lok Sabha]]
[[sv:Lok Sabha]]
[[ta:மக்களவை (இந்தியா)]]
[[te:లోక్సభ]]
[[th:โลกสภา]]
[[uk:Лок Сабха]]
[[ur:لوک سبھا]]
[[fa:لوک‌سابا]]
[[vi:Lok Sabha]]
[[zh:人民院 (印度)]]
== دوپارلمان هند==
هندوستان دارای دو پارلمان است.
لوک‌سابا (مجلس عوام) 545 نماینده دارد، که 530 نفر با رای مستقیم شهروندان و 13 نفر از 7 فرمانداری کل انتخاب و به مجلس عوام راه پیدا می‌کنند. 2 نفر را نیز رئیس جمهور از میان بریتانیایی‌های هندی تبار برمی‌گزیند. معرفی و رسمیت نخست‌وزیر از طریق حزب حاکم یا ائتلاف احزاب در مجلس عوام (لوک‌سابا) صورت می‌پذیرد.
| |||