اثرات بلند مدت مصرف الکل

برای اثرات بلند مدت مصرف الکل، مدارکی وجود دارد که نشان می‌دهد مصرف الکل (در علم شیمی به آن اتانول گفته می‌شود) باعث بهبودِ سلامت شخص نمی‌شود. در گذشته ادعاهایی مبنی بر اینکه مصرف کم یا متوسط آن باعث بهبودی در سلامت مصرف‌کننده می‌شود، مطرح شده بود. این نوع ادعاها با استفاده از فراتحلیل (مِتا آنالیز) کامل‌تر و دقیق‌تری که انجام شده کاهش پیدا گرده است. مصرف زیاد اتانول (سوءمصرف الکل) می‌تواند اثرات مخرب شدیدی را به‌وجود بیاورد.^[۱] تأثیر الکل بر سلامتی در بلند مدت خطراتی را برای انسان به وجود می‌آورد. اعتیاد به الکل، سوءتغذیه، پانکراتیت مزمن، سیروز کبدی، سرطان، آسیب به دستگاه عصبی مرکزی و دستگاه عصبی پیرامونی از جمله این خطرات است.^[۲]^[۳] احتمال ابتلا به انواع خاصی از سرطان حتی در مصرف کم و متوسط الکل، افزایش پیدا می‌کند.^[۴]^[۵]

مصرف بلند مدت الکل، این قابلیت را دارد که به هر عضو و سیستم بدن آسیب بزند.^[۶] آسیب پذیریِ مغز افراد در حال رشد، در برابر اثرات سمیِ الکل بسیار بیشتر است.^[۷] مضافاً بر این، ممکن است مغز جنین به واسطه مصرف مادران باردار، مبتلا به ناهنجاری‌های جنینی ناشی از الکل (FASD) شود.

جستارهای وابسته ویرایش

منابع ویرایش

↑ National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (2000). Health risks and benefits of alcohol consumption (PDF). Alcohol Res Health. Vol. 24. pp. 5–11. doi:10.4135/9781412963855.n839. ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0. PMID 11199274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
↑ Müller D, Koch RD, von Specht H, Völker W, Münch EM (1985). "Neurophysiologic findings in chronic alcohol abuse". Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) (به آلمانی). 37 (3): 129–132. PMID 2988001.
↑ Testino G (2008). "Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view". Hepatogastroenterology. 55 (82–83): 371–377. PMID 18613369.
↑ Cheryl Platzman Weinstock (8 November 2017). "Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk of Breast and Other Cancers, Doctors Say". Scientific American. Retrieved 13 November 2018. The ASCO statement, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, cautions that while the greatest risks are seen with heavy long-term use, even low alcohol consumption (defined as less than one drink per day) or moderate consumption (up to two drinks per day for men, and one drink per day for women because they absorb and metabolize it differently) can increase cancer risk. Among women, light drinkers have a four percent increased risk of breast cancer, while moderate drinkers have a 23 percent increased risk of the disease.
↑ LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ (2018). "Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology". J. Clin. Oncol. 36 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155. PMID 29112463. Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.
↑ Caan, Woody; Belleroche, Jackie de, eds. (11 April 2002). Drink, Drugs and Dependence: From Science to Clinical Practice (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-415-27891-1.
↑ Guerri C, Pascual MA (2010). "Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence". Alcohol. 44 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.10.003. PMID 20113871.

[pmid_11199274-1] National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (2000). Health risks and benefits of alcohol consumption (PDF). Alcohol Res Health. Vol. 24. pp. 5–11. doi:10.4135/9781412963855.n839. ISBN 978-1-4129-4186-0. PMID 11199274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.

[2] Müller D, Koch RD, von Specht H, Völker W, Münch EM (1985). "Neurophysiologic findings in chronic alcohol abuse". Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) (به آلمانی). 37 (3): 129–132. PMID 2988001.

[3] Testino G (2008). "Alcoholic diseases in hepato-gastroenterology: a point of view". Hepatogastroenterology. 55 (82–83): 371–377. PMID 18613369.

[Weinstock2017-4] Cheryl Platzman Weinstock (8 November 2017). "Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk of Breast and Other Cancers, Doctors Say". Scientific American. Retrieved 13 November 2018. The ASCO statement, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, cautions that while the greatest risks are seen with heavy long-term use, even low alcohol consumption (defined as less than one drink per day) or moderate consumption (up to two drinks per day for men, and one drink per day for women because they absorb and metabolize it differently) can increase cancer risk. Among women, light drinkers have a four percent increased risk of breast cancer, while moderate drinkers have a 23 percent increased risk of the disease.

[LoConte2017-5] LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS, Merrill JK, Alberg AJ (2018). "Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology". J. Clin. Oncol. 36 (1): 83–93. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155. PMID 29112463. Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.

[6] Caan, Woody; Belleroche, Jackie de, eds. (11 April 2002). Drink, Drugs and Dependence: From Science to Clinical Practice (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-415-27891-1.

[7] Guerri C, Pascual MA (2010). "Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence". Alcohol. 44 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.10.003. PMID 20113871.

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