ظاهری (مذهب)

ظاهری یکی از مذاهب است که داوود بن علی اصفهانی در سده سوم هجری تأسیس کرد. وجه تسمیه این مذهب توجه به «ظاهر» آیات قرآن و روایات پیامبر اسلام است.^[۱]^[۲]

اوج شکوفایی مذهب ظاهری در قرن پنجم توسط ابن حزم اندلسی پدید آمد و بیشتر پیروان آن در اندلس و شمال آفریقا بودند. مذهب شافعی در بین مذاهب دیگر اسلامی بیشترین شباهت را با مذهب ظاهری دارد.^[۳]^[۴]

عقاید ویرایش

ظاهریان بیشتر توجه خود را معطوف به معنای ظاهری آیات و روایات می‌کنند، منابع فقه را در قرآن، احادیث پیامبر و اجماع صحابه خلاصه می‌کنند، با قیاس و اجتهاد به رأی و استحسان و استصلاح سخت مخالفند و از هرگونه تعلیل و تأویل و اخذ مفهوم مخالف و مفهوم موافق یا نقل به مضمون آیات و روایات می‌پرهیزند و داشتن دانش مناسب از زبان عربی را برای دریافت احکام شرعی کافی می‌دانند، بنابراین با تقلید مخالفند و باب اجتهاد را مفتوح می‌دانند.^[۵]^[۶]^[۷]

منابع ویرایش

↑ Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-65394-7. Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.
↑ Wiederhold, Lutz. "Legal–Religious Elite, Temporal Authority, and the Caliphate in Mamluk Society: Conclusions Drawn from the Examination of a “Zahiri Revolt” in Damascus in 1386." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31.2 (1999): 203-235.
↑ Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth". In Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 165. doi:10.4324/9780367816230-16. ISBN 978-0-367-81623-0. S2CID 237931579. Ibn Hanbal's reliance on the explicit import of the text (naṣṣ) was exceeded only by the literalism of the Ẓāhirī school, founded by his student, the Persian Dawud al-Zahiri (c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist Ali Ibn Hazm (994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject analogical reasoning (qiyās) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering consensus (ijmāʿ) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the Companions of the Prophet.
↑ "Ẓāhirīyah ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
↑ Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qur'anic Principle of Wasatiyyah. Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-19-025145-1.
↑ Picard, Michel; Madinier, Rémy (2011). The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali. Taylor & Francis. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-136-72639-2.
↑ Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2002). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.

فقیهان ظاهریه چه می‌گویند؟ آفتاب‌نیوز

[1] Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-521-65394-7. Ahl-i-Hadith [...] consciously identified themselves with Zahiri doctrine.

[2] Wiederhold, Lutz. "Legal–Religious Elite, Temporal Authority, and the Caliphate in Mamluk Society: Conclusions Drawn from the Examination of a “Zahiri Revolt” in Damascus in 1386." International Journal of Middle East Studies 31.2 (1999): 203-235.

[Sheikh_2021-3] Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth". In Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 165. doi:10.4324/9780367816230-16. ISBN 978-0-367-81623-0. S2CID 237931579. Ibn Hanbal's reliance on the explicit import of the text (naṣṣ) was exceeded only by the literalism of the Ẓāhirī school, founded by his student, the Persian Dawud al-Zahiri (c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist Ali Ibn Hazm (994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject analogical reasoning (qiyās) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering consensus (ijmāʿ) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the Companions of the Prophet.

[EB-zahir-4] "Ẓāhirīyah ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

[5] Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (2015). The Middle Path of Moderation in Islam: The Qur'anic Principle of Wasatiyyah. Oxford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-19-025145-1.

[6] Picard, Michel; Madinier, Rémy (2011). The Politics of Religion in Indonesia: Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali. Taylor & Francis. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-136-72639-2.

[7] Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2002). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.

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