ابن هیثم: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

'''ابوعلی محمد بن حسن بن هیثم بصری'''<ref name="cgie.org.ir">{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی:ابن هیثم، ابو علی|وبگاه=مرکز دائرةالمعارف بزرگ اسلامی|پیوند=http://cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/5102|کد زبان=fa|تاریخ بازبینی=2014-12-29}}</ref> به اختصار '''ابن هیثم''' (۳۵۴–۴۳۰) [[ریاضیات قدیمه در جهان اسلام|ریاضی‌دان]]، [[اخترشناسی در سده‌های میانه اسلامی|اخترشناس]] و [[فیزیک‌دان]] [[مردم عرب|عرب]] یا [[ایرانی ها|ایرانی]] در [[دوران طلایی اسلام]] بود.<ref>{{cite web|last1=J.|first1=Vernet|title=Ibn al-Hayt̲h̲am|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-al-haytham-SIM_3195|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam|language=en}}"Abu ʿAlī al-Ḥasan b. al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayt̲h̲am al-Baṣrī al-Miṣrī , was identified towards the end of the 19th century with the Alhazen , Avennathan and Avenetan of mediaeval Latin texts. He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist."</ref><ref name="Simon 2006">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Simon|2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=OPTICS – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/optics|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ibn al-Haytham {{!}} Arab astronomer and mathematician|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|title=The Oxford History of Islam|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=192}}: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."</ref><ref name="Vernet 1996 788">For the description of his main fields, see e.g. {{Harvard citation no brackets|Vernet|1996|p=788}} ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") {{Harvard citation no brackets|Sabra|2008}}, {{Harvard citation no brackets|Kalin|Ayduz|Dagli|2009|p=}} ("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), {{Harvard citation no brackets|Dallal|1999|p=}} ("Ibn al-Haytham (d. &nbsp;1039), در غرب با نام الهازن شناخته می‌شود، was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.")</ref> از او به عنوان «پدر نورشناسی مدرن» یاد می‌شود.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/international-year-light-ibn-al-haytham-pioneer-modern-optics-celebrated-unesco|title=International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO|website=UNESCO|language=en|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7810846.stm|title=The 'first true scientist'|date=2009|access-date=2 June 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> او مشارکت عمده‌ای در اصول [[نورشناسی]] و [[بینایی]] داشته‌است. تأثیرگذارترین اثر او یعنی ''[[المناظر]]'' ([[زبان عربی]]: {{Lang|ar|کتاب المناظر}}، کتاب نورشناسی) در طول سال‌های ۱۰۱۱–۱۰۲۱ میلادی نوشته شده‌است.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Selin|2008|p=}}: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the [[یونسکو]]. {{Cite journal|date=1976|title=Impact of Science on Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YE3AAAAMAAJ|journal=UNESCO|volume=26–27|pages=140}}.