آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

 

'''آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم''' (همچنین '''آنارشیسم بازار آزاد'''،<ref name="Stringham504">Edward Stringham, ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&pg=PA504&dq=anarcho-capitalism+market+anarchism&hl=en&ei=PuBiTOv3MMX7lwfQxc2DAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20market%20anarchism&f=false p. 504]</ref> '''آنارشیسم بازار'''،<ref>Roderick T. Long, Tibor R. Machan, ''Anarchism/minarchism: is a government part of a free country?,'' Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , 2008, [http://books.google.com/books?id=PUev30VZ04kC&pg=PR7&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=DtNiTMzdOIWBlAeZmIiTCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian&f=false Preface], ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8, ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8</ref> و ''' آنارشیسم بازار آزاد'''<ref name="AL">[http://books.google.com.ec/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&dq=Anarchy+and+the+Law Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice], by Edward Stringham. Transaction Publishers, 2007</ref>) یک فلسفه سیاسی لیبرترین است که از حذف حکومت به نفع حاکمیت فردی در یک [[بازار (اقتصاد)|بازار آزاد]] دفاع می‌کند.<ref>Ronald Hamowy, Editor, ''The encyclopedia of libertarianism,'' SAGE, 2008, [http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT50&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=guxiTNrmIMP7lweDmPC1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian&f=false p 10-12], [http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC&pg=PT50&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=guxiTNrmIMP7lweDmPC1Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=radical%20%20libertarian&f=false p 195], ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4, ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4</ref><ref name="Stringham51">Edward Stringham, ''Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice,'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=nft4e62nicsC&pg=PA51&dq=anarcho-capitalism+libertarian&hl=en&ei=R9JiTMCQOYH6lwfGw-SICg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=anarcho-capitalism%20libertarian&f=false p 51]</ref>

 

نظریه‌پردازان گوناگون با فلسفه‌های مختلف، هرچند مشابه، زیر عنوان آنارکوکاپیتالیسم جای می‌گیرند. نخستین نسخه شناخته شده از آنارکولیبرالیسم توسط اقتصاددانان [[مکتب اتریش]] و به ویژه [[موری راتبارد]] در نیمه قرن بیستم فرموله شد و برساخته از عناصری بود از اقتصاد مکتب اتریش، لیبرالیسم کلاسیک و اندیشه‌های فردگرایان آنارشیست آمریکایی [[لیزاندر اسپونر]] و [[بنجامین تاکر]] (البته با رد نظریه کار ارزش آنان).<ref>"A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the nineteenth century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker." Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, 1987, ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3, p. 290</ref>

 

 

== فلسفه ==

 

دفاع روتبارد از اصل مالکیت خویشتن به اعتقاد خود او ریشه در «رد تمامی نظریات جایگزین» دارد. <ref name="Rothbard-1982.2">Rothbard, Murray N. (1982) [http://www.mises.org/rothbard/ethics/ethics.asp ''The Ethics of Liberty''] Humanities Press ISBN 978-0-8147-7506-6:p162 Retrieved 20 May 2005</ref>

 

=== مالکیت ===

 

{{Main|مالکیت خصوصی}}

 

مالکیت شخصی و [[homestead principle (ethics)|original appropriation]] از مفاهیم مرکزی آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم هستند:

بنابر نظر همه متفکران کلاسیک لیبرال، پایبندی به آزادی فردی مستلزم تایید نهادهای مالکیت خصوصی و [[بازار (اقتصاد)|بازار آزاد]] است. مارکسیست‌ها و برخی از سوسیالیست‌ها معتقدند که مالکیت خصوصی محدودیتی بر آزادی است و لیبرال‌های تجدیدنظرطلب مکتب مدرن لیبرالیسم می گویند گاهی اوقات لازم است تا [[حقوق مالکیت]] تحت‌الشعاع مطالبات مربوط به سایر حقوق قرار گیرد.<ref>جان گری، لیبرالیسم، ترجمه محمد ساوجی، انتشارات وزارت امور خارجه، ۱۳۸۱، صفحه ۱۰۱</ref>

 

 

===== مالکیت معنوی =====

 

=== جامعه قراردادی ===

[[پرونده:Althing-stamp.jpg|بندانگشتی|راست|تمبری پستی به مناسبت هزارمین سالگرد [[آلتینگ|پارلمان ایسلند]]. بنا بر یک نظریه از [[دیوید فریدمن]] اقتصاددان، جامعه ایسلند در قرون وسطی دارای برخی ویژگی‌های آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم بود. ریاست‌های قبیله قابل خرید و فروش بودند و انحصارهای جغرافیایی نبودند؛ افراد می توانند به طور داوطلبانه عضویت در طایفه رییس قبیله را انتخاب کنند.]]

 

 

آنارکو-کاپیتالیست‌ها معتقدند در این سیستم مبنای عمل، قراردادهای داوطلبانه بین افراد به عنوان چارچوب قانونی است. با این حال به دلیل جزئیات و پیچیدگی‌های قراردادهای محتمل، سخت است بشود دقیقاً حدس زد مختصات چنین جامعه‌ای چگونه خواهد بود.

Rothbard points out that corporations would exist in a free society, as they are simply the pooling of capital. He says limited liability for corporations could also exist through contract: "Corporations are not at all monopolistic privileges; they are free associations of individuals pooling their capital. On the purely free market, such men would simply announce to their creditors that their liability is limited to the capital specifically invested in the corporation...."<ref name="Rothbard-1962"/>

 

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There are limits to the right to contract under some interpretations of anarcho-capitalism. Rothbard himself argues that the right to contract is based in [[inalienable rights|inalienable human rights]]<ref name="Rothbard-1982.2"/> and therefore any contract that implicitly violates those rights can be voided at will, which would, for instance, prevent a person from permanently selling himself or herself into unindentured [[slavery]]. Other interpretations conclude that banning such contracts would in itself be an unacceptably invasive interference in the right to contract.<ref name="Nozick-1973">[[Robert Nozick|Nozick, Robert]] (1973) ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia''</ref>

* each party to a trade benefits ''[[ex ante]]''.

 

 

 

== تاریخچه ==

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Ancient city-states in Greece and Rome depended on [[liturgies]]{{spaced ndash}}contributions made by rich citizens for specific purposes{{spaced ndash}}for defense. A liturgy might be used, for instance, to fund the manning of a warship. Although a certain amount was assessed by magistrates, some citizens paid more than required in order to obtain popularity, influence, and sympathy among jurors in the event they were taken to court. During the [[Second Punic War]], [[Fabius Maximum Cunctator|Quintus Maximus Fabius Cunctator]] used his personal resources to pay for the release of some Roman prisoners. When the son of [[Scipio Africanus]], who at the time was acting as de facto commander-in chief, was captured during the war against [[Antiochus III the Great]] in 190 BC, he came up with ransom himself. As Rome grew wealthier, greater use was made of private money and/or private armed forces, consisting of relatives and clients, to accomplish public objectives. Between 73 and 71 BC, [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] and [[Pompey|Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]] used their own resources to suppress the armies of [[Spartacus]] in the [[Third Servile War]]. [[Julius Caesar]] made his fortune by vanquishing pirates in the Mediterranean and then by [[Gallic Wars|conquering]] [[Gaul]]. The emergence of the modern state caused the members of the upper classes to be disarmed.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rise and Decline of the State|author=van Creveld, Martin|pages=32–33, 207|isbn=0-521-65629-X|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1999}}</ref>

 

According to [[David D. Friedman|David Friedman]], "[[Icelandic Commonwealth|Medieval Icelandic institutions]] have several peculiar and interesting characteristics; they might almost have been invented by a mad economist to test the lengths to which market systems could supplant government in its most fundamental functions."<ref name="Friedman-79">Friedman, David D. (1979) [http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Iceland/Iceland.html Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case]. Retrieved 12 August 2005.</ref> While not directly labeling it anarcho-capitalist, he argues that the Icelandic Commonwealth between 930 and 1262 had "some features" of an anarcho-capitalist society&nbsp;– while there was a single legal system, enforcement of law was entirely private and highly capitalist; and so provides some evidence of how such a society would function. "Even where the Icelandic legal system recognized an essentially "public" offense, it dealt with it by giving some individual (in some cases chosen by lot from those affected) the right to pursue the case and collect the resulting fine, thus fitting it into an essentially private system."<ref name="Friedman-79"/>

 

According to the research of [[Terry L. Anderson]] and P. J. Hill, the [[Old West]] in the United States in the period of 1830 to 1900 was similar to anarcho-capitalism in that "private agencies provided the necessary basis for an orderly society in which property was protected and conflicts were resolved," and that the common popular perception that the Old West was chaotic with little respect for property rights is incorrect.<ref>Anderson, Terry L. and Hill, P. J. [http://invisiblemolotov.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/wild-west3.pdf An American Experiment in Anarcho-Capitalism: The Not So Wild, Wild West], The Journal of Libertarian Studies</ref> Since [[squatter]]s had no claim to western lands under federal law, extra-legal organizations formed to fill the void. Benson explains:<ref>{{cite book|title=To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice|page=101|chapter=Private Justice in America|isbn=978-0-8147-1327-3|author=Benson, Bruce L.|year=1998|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|location=New York}}</ref>

{{quote|The [[land club]]s and claim associations each adopted their own written contract setting out the laws that provided the means for defining and protecting property rights in the land. They established procedures for registration of land claims, as well as for protection of those claims against outsiders, and for adjudication of internal disputes that arose. The reciprocal arrangements for protection would be maintained only if a member complied with the association's rules and its court's rulings. Anyone who refused would be ostracized. Boycott by a land club meant that an individual had no protection against aggression other than what he could provide himself.}}

According to Anderson, "Defining anarcho-capitalist to mean minimal government with property rights developed from the bottom up, the western frontier was anarcho-capitalistic. People on the frontier invented institutions that fit the resource constraints they faced."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.newwest.net/topic/article/grilling_terry_l_anderson_free_market_environmentalist/C39/L39/|title=Grilling Terry L. Anderson, Free-Market Environmentalist|author=Probasco, Christian|date=18 June 2008|publisher=New West|postscript=}}</ref>

 

Murray Rothbard's history of Colonial America ''[[Conceived in Liberty]]'' discussed a period where [[Pennsylvania]] fell into a state of anarchism and how [[William Penn]] struggled for about a decade to reinstate his government over a people who did not want it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard81.html |title=Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment: 1681–1690 by Murray N. Rothbard |publisher=Lewrockwell.com |date= |accessdate=3 March 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090302163211/http://www.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard81.html| archivedate= 2 March 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

 

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{{اصلی|لیبرالیسم کلاسیک}}

 

لیبرالیسم کلاسیک تأثیر اساسی و دیرپاترین تأثیرها را بر نظریه آنارکو-کاپیتالیست داشته است. لیبرال‌های کلاسیک از زمانی که [[جان لاک]] نخستین بار این فلسفه را توسعه داد دو درون مایه ی اصلی داشته‌اند: آزادی انسان، و محدودیت قدرت حکومت. آزادی انسان بر حسب حقوق طبیعی بیان شد، حال آن که (برای لاک) محدودسازی [[حکومت]] مبتنی بر یک نظریه ی رضایت بود.

لیبرال‌های کلاسیک در قرن نوزدهم، تهاجم به حکومت محوری را رهبری کردند. از موارد شایان ذکر، [[قانون (کتاب 1849)|قانون]] [[فردریک باستیا]] بود که نوشت، «حکومت بزرگترین خیالیست که همه از طریق آن می خواهند به خرج دیگران زندگی کنند.» هنری دیوید تورو نوشت، «من صمیمانه این شعار را که، 'دولتی بهترین است که کمترین حکومت را بکند' می پذیرم؛ و دوست دارم.»

 

Later, in the early 20th century, the mantle of anti-state liberalism was taken by the "[[Old Right (United States)|Old Right]]". These were minarchist, antiwar, anti-imperialist, and (later) anti-[[New Deal]]ers. Some of the most notable members of the Old Right were [[Albert Jay Nock]], [[Rose Wilder Lane]], [[Isabel Paterson]], [[Frank Chodorov]], [[Garet Garrett]], and [[H. L. Mencken]]. In the 1950s, the new "fusion conservatism", also called "[[cold war]] conservatism", took hold of the right wing in the U.S., stressing anti-communism. This induced the libertarian Old Right to split off from the right, and seek alliances with the (now left-wing) antiwar movement, and to start specifically libertarian organizations such as the (U.S.) Libertarian Party.

 

 

Rothbard was influenced by the work of the 19th-century American individualist anarchists<ref>"...only a few individuals like Murray Rothbard, in Power and Market, and some article writers were influenced by these men. Most had not evolved consciously from this tradition; they had been a rather automatic product of the American environment." DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1978, p. 127</ref> (who were also influenced by classical liberalism). In the winter of 1949, influenced by several nineteenth-century individualists anarchists, Rothbard decided to reject minimal state laissez-faire and embrace individualist anarchism.<ref>Gordon, David. The Essential Rothbard. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007. pp. 12–13.</ref> Rothbard said in 1965<ref name="Spooner-Tucker Doctrine">"The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View." A Way Out. May–June 1965. Later republished in Egalitarianism As A Revolt Against Nature by Rothbard, 1974. Later published in Journal of Libertarian Studies, 2000. [http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_2.pdf The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View]</ref> "Lysander Spooner and Benjamin T. Tucker were unsurpassed as political philosophers and nothing is more needed today than a revival and development of the largely forgotten legacy they left to political philosophy." However, he thought they had a faulty understanding of economics. The 19th century individualists had a [[labor theory of value]], as influenced by the [[classical economics|classical economists]], but Rothbard was a student of [[neoclassical economics]] which does not agree with the labor theory of value. So, Rothbard sought to meld 19th century American individualists' advocacy of free markets and private defense with the principles of Austrian economics: "There is, in the body of thought known as 'Austrian economics', a scientific explanation of the workings of the free market (and of the consequences of government intervention in that market) which individualist anarchists could easily incorporate into their political and social Weltanschauung".<ref name=autogenerated3>"[http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_2.pdf The Spooner-Tucker Doctrine: An Economist's View], Journal of Libertarian Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 7 (1965, 2000)</ref> Rothbard held that the economic consequences of the political system they advocate would not result in an economy with people being paid in proportion to labor amounts, nor would profit and interest disappear as they expected. Tucker thought that unregulated banking and money issuance would cause increases in the money supply so that interest rates would drop to zero or near to it.

Since anarcho-capitalists disagree with Tucker's labor theory of value, they disagree that free market competition would cause protection (or anything else) to be provided "at cost." Like the 19th-century American individualist anarchists such as Tucker and Lysander Spooner, anarcho-capitalists believe that land may be originally appropriated by, and only by, occupation or use; however, most American individualists of the nineteenth-century believed it must ''continually'' be in use to retain title. Lysander Spooner was an exception from those who believed in the "occupation and use" theory, and believed in full private property rights in land, like Rothbard.<ref>[[Carl Watner|Watner, Carl]]. [http://www.mises.org/journals/lf/1975/1975_03.pdf Spooner Vs. Liberty] in The Libertarian Forum. March 1975. Volume VII, No 3. ISSN 0047-4517. pp. 5–6.</ref> -->

 

 

* کاپیتالیسم ضد حکومت

* مارکتیسم ضد حکومت

* آنارشیسم بازار

* آنارشیسم بازار آزاد

* ترتیب طبیعی<ref name="Hoppe-2001"/>

* آنارشی مرتب<ref name="Hoppe-2001"/>

 

آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم از الفاظ زیر نیز به روشی استفاده می‌کند که ممکن است با استفاده رایج یا جنبش‌های مختلف آنارشیست متفاوت باشد:

* '''آنارشیسم:''' هر فلسفه‌ای که با همه اشکال اجبار اولی (از جمله مخالفت با حکومت) مخالفت کند

* '''قرارداد:''' یک توافق الزام‌آور داوطلبانه بین اشخاص

* '''کاپیتالیسم:''' سیستم اقتصادی که ابزارهای تولید در آن در مالکیت خصوصیند، و در آن سرمایه‌گذاری‌ها، تولید، توزیع، درآمد، و قیمت‌ها از طریق عملکرد یک بازار آزاد تعیین می‌شود تا یک دولت

* '''بازار آزاد:''' بازاری که در آن تمام تصمیمات در خصوص انتقال پول، کالاها (از جمله کالاهای سرمایه‌ای)، و خدمات داوطلبانه است

{{پانویس}}

{{آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم}}

[[رده:آنارکو-کاپیتالیسم]]

[[رده:سرمایه‌داری]]

[[رده:لیبرالیسم بر پایه شکل]]