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سنگواره‌هایی که تازه یافته شده نشان می‌دهد که [[پستانک‌دندانان]] <sup>Thelodonti</sup> نزدیک‌ترین خویشاوندان آرواره‌داران هستند.
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==Classification==
The group is traditionally a [[superclass (biology)|superclass]], broken into three top-level groupings: [[Chondrichthyes]], or the cartilaginous fish; [[Placodermi]], an extinct [[clade]] of armored fish; and [[Teleostomi]], which includes the familiar classes of [[bony fish]], [[bird]]s, [[mammal]]s, [[reptile]]s, and [[amphibian]]s. Some classification systems have used the term [[Amphirhina]]. It is a sister group of the jawless craniates [[Agnatha]].
==دسته‌بندی==
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| align=center | ماهیان غضروفی
| [[File:White shark.jpg|140px]]<center>[[کوسه بزرگ سفید]]</center>
| غضروف‌ماهیان ماهیان آرواره‌داری هستند که یک جفت باله و یک جفت [[سوراخ بینی]] دارند، پوستشان را فلس پوشانده و حفره‌های قلبشان ردیفی است. اسکلت این ماهیان نه از استخوان بلکه از [[غضروف]] است. این رده به دو زیررده تقسیم می‌شود که عبارتند از [[نرم‌آبشش‌داران]] <sup>Elasmobranchii</sup> (کوسه، سپرماهی، و پرتوماهی بزرگ) و هام‌سران <sup>Holocephali</sup> ([[موش‌ماهی|موش‌ماهی‌ها]]).
| [[Chondrichthyes]] ''(cartilage-fish)'' or cartilaginous fishes are jawed fish with paired fins, paired [[nare]]s, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of [[cartilage]] rather than [[bone]]. The class is divided into two subclasses: [[Elasmobranchii]] ([[shark]]s, [[Batoidea|ray]]s and [[skate]]s) and [[Holocephali]] ([[chimaera]]s, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class). Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates, the extant members of which all fall into [[Teleostomi]].
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! rowspan=3 | [[کامل‌دهانان]] {{grey|Teleostomi}}
| align=center | کوسه‌های خاردار
| [[File:Acanthodes BW.jpg|140px]]<center>''[[خارپایه|خارپایه بـِرونی]]''</center>
| <sup>†</sup>خارپایگان یا کوسه‌های خاردار رده‌ای منقرض‌شده از ماهی‌ها هستند که مشترکاتی هم با [[غضروف‌ماهیان|ماهیان غضروفی]] و هم با [[ماهی‌های استخوان‌دار]] دارند. شکل ظاهری آن‌ها به کوسه‌ها شباهت داشت اما [[روپوست]] آن‌ها با صفحه‌های ریز لوزی شکلی پوشیده شده‌بود که به فلس‌های [[کمان‌باله]] شباهت داشت.
| <sup>†</sup>[[Acanthodii]], or spiny sharks are a class of extinct fishes, sharing features with both [[bony fish|bony]] and [[cartilaginous fish]]es. In form they resembled sharks, but their [[Epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of [[holosteans]] ([[gar]]s, [[bowfin]]s). They may have been an independent phylogenetic branch of fishes, which had evolved from little-specialized forms close to Recent [[Chondrichthyes]]. Acanthodians did, in fact, have a cartilaginous [[skeleton]], but their fins had a wide, bony base and were reinforced on their anterior margin with a dentine spine. They are distinguished in two respects: they were the earliest known jawed [[vertebrate]]s, and they had stout [[Spine (zoology)|spines]] supporting their [[fin]]s, fixed in place and non-movable (like a [[shark]]'s [[dorsal fin]]). The acanthodians' jaws are presumed to have evolved from the first [[gill arch]] of some ancestral jawless fishes that had a gill skeleton made of pieces of jointed cartilage. The common name "spiny sharks" is really a misnomer for these early jawed fishes. The name was coined because they were superficially shark-shaped, with a streamlined body, paired fins, and a strongly upturned tail; stout bony spines supported all the fins except the tail - hence, "spiny sharks".
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! [[ماهی‌های استخوان‌دار]] {{grey|Osteichthyes}}
| align=center | ماهی‌های استخوان‌دار
| [[File:Blue runner.jpg|140px]]<center>[[سوف سرخ]]</center>
| [[Osteichthyes]]ماهی‌های orاستخوان‌دار bonyاز fishes are aنظر [[Taxonomyآرایه‌شناسی (biology)آلفا|taxonomicآرایه‌شناسی]] groupگروهی ofاز fishماهی‌ها thatهستند haveکه bone,به asجای opposedغضروف to [[Chondrichthyes|cartilaginous]]استخوان skeletonsدارند. Theاکثریت vastبالایی majorityاز ofماه‌های fishاستخوان‌دار areهستند osteichthyes,که whichگروهی isبسیار anمتنوع extremelyو diverseپرشمار andرا abundantدر groupبرمی‌گیرد consistingو ofاز 45از orders,۴۵ andراسته، over۴۳۵ 435خانواده familiesو and۲۸ 28,000هزار speciesگونه تشکیل شده‌است.<ref>[http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/bony-fish/scientific-classification.htm Bony fishes] ''[[SeaWorld]]''. Retrieved 2بازدید: Februaryفوریه 2013۲۰۱۳.</ref> Itماهی‌های isاستخوان‌دار به theدو largestدسته classپرتوبالگان of<sup>Actinopterygii</sup> vertebratesو inگوشتی‌بالگان <sup>Sarcopterygii</sup> existenceتقسیم todayمی‌شوند. Osteichthyesقدیمی‌ترین isسنگواره‌های dividedشناخته‌شده intoاز theماهی‌های ray-finnedاستخوانی fishمربوط ([[Actinopterygii]])به andحدود lobe-finned۴۲۰ fishمیلیون ([[Sarcopterygii]])سال پیش‌اند. The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 420این millionسنگواره‌ها yearsدر ago,عین whichحال areمربوط alsoبه [[transitionalگونه‌های fossilانتقالی]]s, showingهستند aو toothالگوی patternقرارگیری thatدندان‌ها isدر inآن‌ها betweenبین theردیف toothدندان‌های rowsکوسه‌ها ofو sharksالگوی andدندان bonyماهیان fishesاستخوانی است.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered]</ref>
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! [[چاراندامانچهاراندامان]] {{grey|Tetrapoda}}
| align=center | چاراندامانچهاراندامان
| [[File:Orca-SchädelAcanthostega BW.jpg|140px]]<center>[[آکانتوستگا|خارتاق]]</center>
| [<!-- [Tetrapoda]] ''(four-feet)'' or tetrapods are the group of all four-limbed [[vertebrate]]s, including living and extinct [[amphibian]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s, and [[mammal]]s. Amphibians today generally remain semi-aquatic, living the first stage of their lives as fish-like [[tadpole]]s. Several groups of tetrapods, such as the [[snakes]] and [[cetaceans]] have lost some or all of their limbs. And many tetrapods have returned to partially aquatic or (in the case of cetaceans and sirenians) fully aquatic lives, throughout the history of the group. The tetrapods evolved from the [[Sarcopterygii|lobe-finned fishes]] about 395 million years ago in the [[Devonian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Clack|2012}}</ref> The specific aquatic ancestors of the tetrapods, and the process by which land colonization occurred, remain unclear, and are areas of active research and debate among [[palaeontologists]] at present. -->
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