فرهنگ یاز: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

The '''Yaz culture''' (named after the [[:en:Type_site|type site]] '''Yaz-depe''', '''Yaz Depe''', or '''Yaz Tepe''', near [[:en:Baýramaly|Baýramaly]], [[:en:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/yaz-tepe-e12214000?s.num=6|title=Yaz Tepe|accessdate=1 October 2016|work=Brill Reference|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV}}</ref>) was an early [[:en:Iron_Age|Iron Age]] culture of [[:en:Margiana|Margiana]], [[:en:Bactria|Bactria]] and [[:en:Sogdia|Sogdia]] (ca. 1500–500 BC).{{sfn|Parpola|1995|p=372}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=653}}{{sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=416–417, 426–428, 431, 157, 449–450|ps=:V. Sarianidi and G. Gutlyev in the 1970s and 1980s suggested a date at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. [[Elena Efimovna Kuzmina]] considered that some Yaz I sites belonged to the 10th-9th centuries BCE, while the cultural synthesis at the border of the 2nd/1st millennium BCE, circa 1000–800 BCE. [[Vasily Abaev]] considered the nomads to be related to the [[Scythians]] or [[Saka]], which relates to the [[Yasht]] 13.143 "the territory of [[Iranian peoples#Name|Arya]]... [[Turan|Turya]], [[Sarmatians|Sairima]], [[Dahae|Daha]]".}}{{sfn|Buławka|2009–2010|p=121}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://smea.isma.cnr.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Biscione-Vahdati_The-Iranian-Italian-archaeological-mission-Season-2012.pdf|title=The Iranian-Italian archaeological mission: Season 2012: The identification of cultural areas|author1=Raffaele Biscione|author2=Ali Vahdati|journal=Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici|publisher=Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzari|year=2012|volume=54|page=358}}</ref>{{sfn|Boroffka|Sverchkov|2013|p=49}}{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=298}} It emerges at the top of late [[:en:Bronze_Age|Bronze Age]] sites ([[:en:Bactria-Margiana_Archaeological_Complex|BMAC]]), sometimes as stone towers and sizeable houses associated with [[:en:Irrigation|irrigation]] systems. Ceramics were mostly hand-made, but there was increasing use of [[:en:Potter's_wheel|wheel-thrown]] ware. There have been found bronze or iron arrowheads, also iron [[:en:Sickle|sickles]] or carpet knives among other artifacts.{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=653–654}}{{sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=430}}{{sfn|Khlopina|2015|p=55۵۵}}

With the farming citadels, steppe-derived metallurgy and ceramics, and absence of burials it has been regarded as a likely archaeological reflection of early [[:en:East_Iranian|East Iranian]] culture as described in the [[:en:Avesta|Avesta]].{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=310–311}}{{sfn|Kuzmina|2007|p=444}} So far, no burials related to the culture have been found, and this is taken as possible evidence of the [[:en:Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] practice of exposure or [[:en:Sky_burial|sky burial]].{{sfn|Parpola|1995|p=372}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=311}}{{sfn|Bendezu-Sarmiento|Lhuillier|2013|p=282}}{{sfn|Parpola|2015|p=103۱۰۳, 106۱۰۶, 298۲۹۸}}