جنگ استقلال ترکیه: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها
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{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Turkish War of Independence
|partof=
|image=Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı - kolaj.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption='''Clockwise from top left''': Delegation gathered in [[Sivas Congress]] to determine the objectives of the National Struggle; Turkish people carrying ammunition to the front; [[Kuva-yi Milliye]] infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; The Turkish army [[Liberation of İzmir|entering Izmir]]; last troops gathered in Ankara Ulus Square leaving for the front.
|date=19 May 1919 – 11 October 1922 (Armistice) 24 July 1923 (Peace){{سخ}}({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=19|year1=1919|month2=07|day2=24|year2=1923}})
|place=[[آناتولی]], North [[میان‌رودان]] و [[تراکیه]]
|result=Decisive [[دولت ملی مجلس بزرگ]] victory
* [[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate]]
* Withdrawal of [[متفقین جنگ جهانی اول]] forces from occupied lands of Turkey
* Establishment of the [[ترکیه]]
* Starting of the [[Atatürk's Reforms|series of reforms]] led by Atatürk
|combatant1={{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[Turkish National Movement]]
* [[دولت ملی مجلس بزرگ]] <small>(after 1920)</small>
** [[نیروی زمینی ترکیه]]
* [[Kuva-yi Milliye]]{{Ref label|aaa|a}} <small>(until 1920)</small>
'''Supported by:'''{{سخ}}{{flag|Soviet Russia|1920|name=جنگ استقلال ترکیه
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece}}{{سخ}}{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}{{Ref label|bbb|b}}{{سخ}}{{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} <small>(in 1920)</small>{{سخ}}{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}{{Ref label|ccc|c}}
----
{{flagcountry|Ottoman Empire|1823}}{{Ref label|ddd|d}} <small>([[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|until 1922]])</small>
* [[Kuva-yi Inzibatiye]] <small>(in 1920)</small>
----
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}{{Ref label|eee|e}}
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of Georgia (1918–1921).svg}} [[جمهوری دموکراتیک گرجستان]] <small>([[Red Army invasion of Georgia|in 1921]])</small>
|commander1={{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[مصطفی کمال آتاترک]]{{سخ}}{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[فوزی پاشا]]{{سخ}}{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[عصمت اینونو]]{{سخ}}{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[کاظم قره‌بکر]]{{سخ}}{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[Ali Fuat Cebesoy|Ali Fuat Pasha (later Cebesoy)]]
|commander2={{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Anastasios Papoulas]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Georgios Hatzianestis]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Leonidas Paraskevopoulos]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[هانری گورو]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[دراستامات کانایان]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} [[مؤسس سیلیکیان]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[George Milne, 1st Baron Milne|George Milne]]{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1823}} [[Süleyman Şefik Pasha]]
|strength1={{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} May 1919: 35,000{{سخ}}November 1920: 86,000 <small>(creation of [[regular army]])</small>{{سخ}}August 1922: 271,000{{refn|In August 1922 the [[نیروهای مسلح ترکیه]] formed 23 [[پیاده‌نظام]] [[لشکر]] and 6 [[سواره‌نظام]] [[لشکر]]. Equivalent to 24 infantry divisions and 7 cavalry divisions, if the additional 3 infantry [[هنگ]]s, 5 undersized border [[هنگ]]s, 1 cavalry [[تیپ]] and 3 cavalry regiments are included (271,403 men total). The troops were distributed in [[آناتولی]] as follows: [[جنگ ارمنستان–ترکیه]]: 2 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, [[ارزروم]] و [[قارص]] fortified areas and 5 border regiments (29,514 men); El-Cezire front (southeastern [[آناتولی]], eastern region of the river [[فرات]]): 1 infantry division and 2 cavalry regiments (10,447 men); [[Central Army (Turkey)|Central Army]] area: 1 infantry division and 1 cavalry brigade (10,000 men); [[آدانا]] command: 2 [[گردان]] (500 men); [[غازی عینتاب]] area: 1 infantry regiment and 1 cavalry regiment (1,000 men); Interior region units and institutions: 12,000 men; [[جنگ یونان و ترکیه (۱۹۲۲–۱۹۱۹)]]: 18 infantry divisions and 5 cavalry divisions, if the independent brigade and regiments are included, 19 infantry divisions and 5.5 cavalry divisions (207,942 men).|group=note}}
|strength2={{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} 80,000 (Dec. 1919){{سخ}}1922: 200,000-250,000{{سخ}}{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} 60,000{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} 20,000{{سخ}}{{flagicon|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} 30,000{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1823}} 7,000 <small>(at peak)</small>
|casualties1={{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire|1823}} 13,000 killed{{سخ}}22,690 died of disease{{سخ}}5,362 died of wounds or other non-combat causes{{Ref label|fff|f}}
|casualties2={{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} 24,240 killed{{سخ}}18,095 missing{{سخ}}48,880 wounded{{سخ}}4,878 died outside of combat{{سخ}}13,740 prisoners{{refn|According to some Turkish estimates the casualties were at least 120,000-130,000. [[جهان غرب]] sources give 100,000 killed and wounded, with a total sum of 200,000 casualties, taking into account that 100,000 casualties were solely suffered in [[حمله بزرگ]]. Material losses, during the war, were enormous too.|group=note}}{{سخ}}{{flagicon|French Third Republic}} ~7,000{{سخ}}{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of Armenia}} 1,100+ killed{{سخ}}3,000+ prisoners
|casualties3=264,000 Greek civilians killed{{سخ}}60,000-250,000 Armenian civilians killed<ref name="Dad360-361">
These are according to the figures provided by [[آلکساندر میاسنیکیان]], the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister [[گئورگی چیچرین]] in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000 children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: see [[واهاگن دردریان]]. (2003). ''The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus''. New York: Berghahn Books, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVJMAVoMM0C&pg=PA360&dq="total+number+killed+by+the+Turks+reached+60,000,+of+which+30,000+were+men,+15,000+women,"&hl=en&ei=qjUoTt6wBIH2swPVs7WFCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q="total%20number%20killed%20by%20the%20Turks%20reached%2060,000,%20of%20which%2030,000%20were%20men,%2015,000%20women,"&f=false pp. 360–361]. {{ISBN|1-57181-666-6}}.</ref>{{سخ}}15,000+ Turkish civilians killed in the western front
|notes={{hidden begin|title=جنگ استقلال ترکیه
* {{note|aaa}}a. Kuva-yi Milliye came under command of the [[دولت ملی مجلس بزرگ]] after 4 September 1920.
* {{note|bbb}}b. The [[معاهده آنکارا]] was signed in 1921 and the [[Franco-Turkish War]] thus ended. The French troops remained in [[Occupation of Constantinople|Constantinople]] with the other Allied troops.
* {{note|ccc}}c. The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought against directly [[Kuva-yi Milliye|Turkish irregular forces]] in the [[Greek Summer Offensive (1920)|Battle of Izmit]] with the Greek troops. Moreover the British troops occupied several towns in Turkey. For example, [[مودانیا]] had been tried to be captured as early as 25 June 1920 by [[عملیات آبی خاکی]], but stubborn Turkish resistance inflicted casualties on British forces and forced them to withdraw. There were many instances of successful delaying operations of small Turkish irregular forces against numerical superior enemy troops. And the British troops fought against the Turkish Army in the Battle of Derbent (31 August 1922). The United Kingdom, which also fought diplomatically against the [[Turkish National Movement]], came to the brink of a great war in September 1922 ([[Chanak Crisis]]).
* {{note|ddd}}d. The Ottoman controlled [[Kuva-yi Inzibatiye]] ("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the [[Greek Summer Offensive (1920)|Battle of Izmit]] and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other [[Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence|revolts]] (e.g. [[Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur|Anzavur]]).
* {{note|eee}}e. Italy occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia but never fought the Turkish Army directly. During its occupation Italian troops protected Turkish civilians, who were living in the areas occupied by the Italian army, from Greek troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee from the regions invaded by the Greek army.<ref>
Mevlüt Çelebi: [http://atam.gov.tr/milli-mucadelede-italyan-isgalleri/ ''Millî Mücadele’de İtalyan İşgalleri'' (English: Italian occupations during the National Struggle)], ''Journal of Atatürk Research Center'', issue 26.</ref> In July 1921 Italy began to withdraw its troops from southwestern [[آناتولی]].
* {{note|fff}}f. Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of these were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek captivity.
}}
{{hidden end}}
|campaignbox={{Theaters of the Turkish War of Independence}}
|casus=[[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire]]
}}
'''جنگ استقلال ترکیه''' یا '''آزادسازی ترکیه''' {{به ترکی استانبولی| Kurtuluş Savaşı یا İstiklâl Harbi}}، به جنبش نظامی و سیاسی [[ملی گرایان]] ترک در برابر تجزیه [[امپراطوری عثمانی]] پس از [[جنگ جهانی]] اوّل توسط متحدین گفته می‌شود. حرکت ملی ترک در آناتولی منجر به شکل‌گیری مجمع بزرگ ملی شد که تحت رهبری آتاتورک توانست از تمامی توانایی‌های خود استفاده کند. پس از [[عملیات نظامی]] علیه تهاجم یونان، و جنگ با ارمنیها و فرانسویها، در ژولای ۱۹۲۳، انقلابیون ترک توانستند که متحدین را مجبور به دست کشیدن از [[پیمان سور]] و قبول [[پیمان لوزان]] کنند. بر اساس این پیمان، به آناتولی و ناحیه غرب [[تنگه بسفر]] اجازه داده شد تا در اکتبر ۱۹۲۳ تشکیل جمهوری ترکیه را بدهند. بوجود آمدن حرکت ملی ترکی منجر به ورافتادن سیستم ملت عثمانی شد و پس از آن با نوگراییهای آتاتورک، سیاستی مدرن، سکولار و کشور-ملت بوجود آمد. بعد از استقلال ترکیه [[کمال آتاتورک]] به عنوان اولین رئیس جمهور ترکیه انتخاب شد و تا پایان عمر یعنی سال ۱۹۳۸ در این سمت باقی ماند.
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