دگرجنس‌گرایی: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

{{گرایش جنسی}}

[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 004.jpg|بندانگشتی|چپ|طبق افسانه آفرینش [[ادیان ابراهیمی]]، [[آدم و حوا]] اولین زوج بشر و اجداد کل بشریت هستند.]]

 

دانشمندان دقیقاً نمی‌دانند چه چیزی گرایش جنسی را شکل می‌دهد اما حدس می‌زنند که از تعامل پیچیده‌ی عوامل [[ژنتیک|ژنتیکی]]، [[هورمون|هورمونی]] و [[گرایش جنسی و محیط|محیطی]] به و‌جود می‌آید که از نظر فلسفی خالق هستی آن را در فطرت موجودات قرار داده است.<ref name="pediatrics2004"/><ref>{{cite book|first1=Mary Ann |last1=Lamanna |first2=Agnes |last2=Riedmann |first3=Susan D |last3=Stewart|title=Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-305-17689-8|year=2014|page=82|access-date=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fofaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|quote=The reason some individuals develop a gay sexual identity has not been definitively established &nbsp;– nor do we yet understand the development of heterosexuality. The American Psychological Association (APA) takes the position that a variety of factors impact a person's sexuality. The most recent literature from the APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality (American Psychological Association 2010).}}</ref><ref name="Stuart">{{cite book|author=Gail Wiscarz Stuart|title=Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing|publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|isbn=978-0-323-29412-6|year=2014|page=502|access-date=February 11, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivALBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|quote=No conclusive evidence supports any one specific cause of homosexuality; however, most researchers agree that biological and social factors influence the development of sexual orientation.}}</ref> و باور دارند گرایش جنسی یک انتخاب نیست.<ref name="pediatrics2004"/><ref name="Lamanna"/><ref name="Kersey-Matusiak">{{cite book|author=Gloria Kersey-Matusiak|title=Delivering Culturally Competent Nursing Care|publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-8261-9381-0|year=2012|page=169|access-date=February 10, 2016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8O_wGedAYoC&pg=PA169|quote=Most health and mental health organizations do not view sexual orientation as a 'choice.'}}</ref> گرچه تاکنون هیچ نظریه‌ای پیرامون علت گرایش جنسی مورد تائید همگانی قرار نگرفته است، دانشمندان طرفدار نظریه‌های [[گرایش جنسی و زیست‌شناسی|زیستی]] اند.<ref name="pediatrics2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1542/peds.113.6.1827 |author=Frankowski BL|author2=American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence|title=Sexual orientation and adolescents |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|volume=113 |issue=6 |pages=1827–32 |date=June 2004|pmid=15173519|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/1827.long|doi-access=free}}</ref> شواهد بیشتری مبنی بر منشا زیستی گرایش جنسی وجود دارد تا اجتماعی، مخصوصا در مردان.<ref name=Bailey16>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=J. Michael|last2=Vasey|first2=Paul|last3=Diamond|first3=Lisa|last4=Breedlove|first4=S. Marc|last5=Vilain|first5=Eric|last6=Epprecht|first6=Marc|title=Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science|journal=Psychological Science in the Public Interest|date=2016|volume=17|issue=2|pages=45–101|doi=10.1177/1529100616637616|pmid=27113562|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301639075|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=LeVay>{{cite book |last=LeVay |first=Simon |date=2017 |title=Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmQFFfa03nkC |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199752966 }}</ref><ref name=Balthazart>{{cite book |last=Balthazart |first=Jacques |date=2012 |title=The Biology of Homosexuality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fjGjlcVINkC |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199838820 }}</ref>