تاریخ زوال و سقوط امپراتوری روم: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

'''''تاریخ انحطاط و سقوط امپراطوری روم''''' {{به انگلیسی|The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}} یا '''''انحطاط و سقوط امپراطوری روم''''' کتابی تاریخی نوشتهٔ [[ادوارد گیبون]] [[مورخ|تاریخ‌نگار]] [[مردم انگلستان|انگلیسی]] است که به [[امپراتوری روم]] از اواخر سدهٔ نخست میلادی تا سقوط [[امپراتوری روم شرقی]] می‌پردازد. کتاب در شش جلد منتشر شده است. جلد نخست آن در ۱۷۷۶،<ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Gibbon| title = The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=aLcWAAAAQAAJ| year = 1776| publisher = W. Strahan and T. Cadell| isbn = }}</ref> جلدهای دوم و سوم در ۱۷۸۱،<ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Gibbon| title = The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=Ric-AAAAcAAJ| year = 1781| publisher = | isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Gibbon| title = The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=iCc-AAAAcAAJ| year = 1781| publisher = | isbn = }}</ref> و جلدهای چهارم، پنجم و ششم در ۱۷۸۸–۱۷۸۹ منتشر شدند.<ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Gibbon| title = The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=xLNCAAAAcAAJ| year = 1788| publisher = Strahan and Cadell| isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Gibbon| title = The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=y7cWAAAAQAAJ| year = 1788| publisher = W. Strahan and T. Cadell| isbn = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Edward Gibbon| title = The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=CSg-AAAAcAAJ| year = 1788| publisher = | isbn = }}</ref> این اثر [[امپراتوری روم]]، [[اروپا]]، و [[کلیسای کاتولیک]] از سال ۹۸ تا ۱۵۹۰ میلادی پوشش می‌دهد و دربارهٔ [[انحطاط امپراطوری روم]] در [[امپراتوری روم شرقی|شرق]] و [[امپراتوری روم غربی|غرب]] بحث می‌کند. به سبب عینیت اثر و استفادهٔ بسیار از منابع اولیه، روش‌شناسی به کار گرفته شده در این اثر در آن زمان مدلی برای تاریخ‌دانان بعدی شد و ادوارد گیبون به «نخستین تاریخ‌نگار مدرن روم باستان» معروف شد.<ref>{{cite web| author = David S. Potter| title = A Companion to the Roman Empire| url = http://books.google.com/?id=xuekmwMwiBgC&pg=PA100| date = 2006-05-22| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 978-0-631-22644-4| page = 100 }}</ref>

* ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16575/16575-h/16575-h.htm An Inquiry into the Permanent Causes of the Decline and Fall of Powerful and Wealthy Nations. Designed To Shew How The Prosperity Of The British Empire May Be Prolonged. 2nd edition, 1807.] 1805,1805، [[William Playfair]]

* ''[[ظهور و افول دولت کنفدراسیون|The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government]]'' (1868),، [[جفرسون دیویس]]

* ''[[Decline and Fall]]'' (1928),، [[Evelyn Waugh]]

* ''[[The Decline and Fall of Practically Everybody]]'' (1950),، [[ویل کاپی]]

* ''[[ظهور و سقوط رایش سوم|The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]]'' (1959),، [[William Shirer]]

* ''[[The Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler]]'' (1961),، William Shirer

* ''[[The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin]]'' (1975),، [[David Nobbs]]

* ''[[The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church]]'' (1983),، [[Malachi Martin]]

* ''[[Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire]]'' (1986),، [[Hans Eysenck]]

* ''[[The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain]]'' (2000),، [[Neil Faulkner (archaeologist)|Neil Faulkner]]

* ''[[The Decline and Fall of the Catholic Church in America]]'' (2003),، [[David Carlin]]

* ''[[The Decline and Fall of the British Empire]]'' (2007),، [[Piers Brandon]]

* ''[[Decline and Fall of the American Republic]]'' (2010),، [[Bruce Ackerman]]

* ''[[Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire)]]'' (1969),، [[د کینکس]]

* ''[[The Rise And Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]'' (1972),، [[دیوید بویی]]

* ''[[The Decline of Western Civilization]]'' (1981),، [[Penelope Spheeris]]

* ''[[Le Déclin de l'empire américain|The Decline of the American Empire]]'' (1986),، [[Denys Arcand]]

== منابع ==

* Wikipedia contributors,contributors، "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,Empire،" Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire&oldid=537058622 (accessed February 7, 2013).

== مطالعه بیشتر ==

* Brownley, Martine W. "Appearance and Reality in Gibbon's History,History،" ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 38,4(1977),، 651–666.

* Brownley, Martine W. "Gibbon's Artistic and Historical Scope in the Decline and Fall,Fall،" ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 42,4(1981),، 629–642.

* Cosgrove, Peter. ''Impartial Stranger: History and Intertextuality in Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' (Newark: Associated University Presses, 1999); [ISBN 0-87413-658-X].

* Craddock, Patricia. "Historical Discovery and Literary Invention in Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall',،" ''Modern Philology'' 85,4(May 1988),، 569–587.

* Drake, H.A.,، "Lambs into Lions: explaining early Christian intolerance,intolerance،" ''Past and Present'' 153(1996),، 3–36. [http://past.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/153/1/3 Oxford Journals]

* Furet, Francois. "Civilization and Barbarism in Gibbon's History,History،" ''Daedalus'' 105,3(1976),، 209–216.

* Ghosh, Peter R. "Gibbon's Dark Ages: Some Remarks on the Genesis of the ''Decline and Fall'',،" ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 73(1983),، 1–23.

* [[Homer-Dixon]],، Thomas "The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity and the Renewal of Civilization", 2007 [ISBN 978-0-676-97723-3] Chapter 3 pp.&nbsp;57–60

* Kelly, Christopher. "A Grand Tour: Reading Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall',،" ''Greece & Rome'' 2nd ser.,، 44,1 (Apr. 1997),، 39–58.

* Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Eighteenth-Century Prelude to Mr. Gibbon,Gibbon،" in Pierre Ducrey et al.,، eds.,، ''Gibbon et Rome à la lumière de l'historiographie moderne'' (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1977).

* Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Gibbon from an Italian Point of View,View،" in G.W. Bowersock et al.,، eds.,، ''Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1977).

* Momigliano, Arnaldo. "Declines and Falls,Falls،" ''American Scholar'' 49(Winter 1979),، 37–51.

* Momigliano, Arnaldo. "After Gibbon's ''Decline and Fall'',،" in Kurt Weitzmann, ed. ''Age of Spirituality : a symposium'' (Princeton: 1980); [ISBN 0-89142-039-8].

* Pocock, J.G.A. ''Barbarism and Religion'',، 4 vols. all Cambridge Univ. Press.

** vol. 1,1، ''The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 1737–1764'',، 1999 [hb: ISBN 0-521-63345-1]. cited as "Pocock,Pocock، ''EEG''";

** vol. 2,2، ''Narratives of Civil Government'',، 1999 [hb: ISBN 0-521-64002-4];

** vol. 3,3، ''The First Decline and Fall'',، 2003 [pb: ISBN 0-521-82445-1]. cited as "Pocock,Pocock، ''FDF''."

** vol. 4,4، ''Barbarians, Savages and Empires'',، 2005 [hb: ISBN 0-521-85625-6].

* Trevor-Roper, H.R. "Gibbon and the Publication of ''The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'',، 1776–1976,1776–1976،" ''Journal of Law and Economics'' 19,3 (Oct. 1976),، 489–505.

* Wootton, David. "Narrative, Irony, and Faith in Gibbon's ''Decline and Fall'',،" ''History and Theory'' 33,4 (Dec.,، 1994),، 77–105.

== پیوند به بیرون ==