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فهرست شخصیت‌های ''حماسه گیلگمش''
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!scope="col" | Name
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!scope="row" | [[Gilgamesh]]
| [[File:Hero lion Dur-Sharrukin Louvre AO19862.jpg|100px|center]]
| Gilgamesh (originally Bilgames{{sfn|George|2003|p=71}}) is the protagonist of the epic.{{sfn|George|2003|p=446}} He is described as two thirds god and one third man{{sfn|George|2003|p=541}} and as the king of [[Uruk]].{{sfn|George|2003|p=543}} Despite possessing traits associated with positive portrayals of rulers in Mesopotamian tradition, including beauty and martial prowess, in the initial section of the story he is a tyrannical ruler who terrorizes the inhabitants of Uruk.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=447-448}} He is eventually confronted on their behalf of Enkidu.{{sfn|George|2003|p=456}} The two become close friends and possibly lovers.{{sfn|George|2003|p=452}} According to [[Andrew R. George]], evidence for the latter interpretation is present both the epic itself and in the earlier poem ''Death of Gilgamesh''.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=141-142}} After introducing Enkidu to his mother, Ninsun, Gilgamesh decides to embark on an expedition to the cedar forest to acquire valuable wood.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=456-457}} He defeats its guardian Humbaba,{{sfn|George|2003|pp=468-469}} and later also triumphs over the Bull of Heaven, send to Uruk by [[Ishtar]].{{sfn|George|2003|pp=475-476}} Enkidu dies in the aftermath of these events, and Gilgamesh prepares a funeral for him.{{sfn|George|2003|p=484}} These events make him realize his own mortality, and he embarks on a quest to find [[Utnapishtim]].{{sfn|George|2003|p=491}} He travels underneath the mountain of sunrise, [[Mashu]],{{sfn|George|2003|pp=492-494}} and with the guidance of [[Siduri]]{{sfn|George|2003|p=499}} eventually crosses the cosmic ocean separating Utnapishtim's domain from earth.{{sfn|George|2003|p=503}} However, after being tested by him he realizes that he has no hope of becoming immortal.{{sfn|George|2003|p=522}} He is offered a chance to obtain a plant which would rejuvenate him as a reward for his deeds, but it is ultimately stolen from him by a snake.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=522-525}} He eventually returns to Uruk, where he possibly accepts that while his quest did not bring him immortality, he will be renowned due to constructing the city's walls.{{sfn|George|2003|p=526}} A real king named Gilgamesh likely did rule over Uruk at some point, but Gilgamesh as a protagonist of the epic was a fictional character whose deeds did not reflect historical reality.{{sfn|George|2003|p=106}} As a minor deity and legendary hero Gilgamesh is first attested in sources from the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic period]] (middle of the third millennium BCE), including an entry in a god list from [[Shuruppak|Fara]] and accounts of offerings made to him in [[Lagash]].{{sfn|Beckman|2003|pp=38-39}} He appears in numerous god lists, including the [[Weidner god list]] and ''[[An = Anum]]''.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=119-121}} However, there is no evidence he was worshiped past the Old Babylonian period with the exception of a Middle Babylonian reference to rituals in his honor held in Abu, the fifth month of the Babylonian calendar.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=125-126}} Additionally, little, if any evidence for any veneration of him in Uruk is available.{{sfn|Beaulieu|2003|p=340}} After [[cuneiform]] ceased to be used, echoes of traditions pertaining to Gilgamesh survived in later [[Greek literature|Greek]], [[Jewish literature|Jewish]], [[Arabic literature|Arabic]], [[Syriac literature|Syriac]] and [[Manichaean scripture|Manichaean]] sources, though in some of them, for example in the ''[[Book of Giants]]'', he is portrayed as a malevolent supernatural being rather than a legendary ruler.{{sfn|George|2003|p=102}}
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!scope="row" | [[Enkidu]]
| [[File:Enkidu, Gilgamesh's friend. From Ur, Iraq, 2027-1763 BCE. Iraq Museum.jpg|100px|center]]
| Enkidu is portrayed as a [[wild man]]{{sfn|George|2003|p=142}} created by the goddess [[Aruru (goddess)|Aruru]] from clay{{sfn|Wasserman|2005|pp=593-594}} to act as a foil to Gilgamesh.{{sfn|George|2003|p=449}} He spends his early life in the wilderness, among animals.{{sfn|George|2003|p=450}} He is eventually discovered by a hunter, who after consulting his father and the king of his city, Gilgamesh, brings the prostitute [[Shamhat]] to the forest to seduce him.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=450-451}} She subsequently takes Enkidu first to a camp of shepherds, where he learns to act like a human and fulfills the role of a night watchman, and eventually to Uruk.{{sfn|George|2003|p=455}} In the city he confronts Gilgamesh on behalf of his subjects, but after wrestling the two become friends.{{sfn|George|2003|p=456}} He later accompanies Gilgamesh on his expedition to the cedar forest{{sfn|George|2003|pp=456-457}} and assists him in the battle against the [[Bull of Heaven]].{{sfn|George|2003|pp=475-476}} However, as punishment for the deaths of these two beings death is then decreed for him by [[Enlil]].{{sfn|George|2003|p=478}} After receiving visions of his fate and the [[Ancient Mesopotamian underworld|underworld]] he finally dies twelve days later.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=478-484}} Enkidu's name can be translated as "lord of the pleasant place" and was originally used as an ordinary given name, as attested for example in an Early Dynastic name list from Shuruppak.{{sfn|George|2003|p=138}} While in a few texts predating the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' it is preceded by the so-called "[[dingir|divine determinative]]", it was usually written without it.{{sfn|George|2003|p=139}} Enkidu's origin story did not originate in earlier narratives about Gilgamesh, in which he is an ordinary man, and might have been adapted from another, unrelated source.{{sfn|George|2003|p=142}} An additional difference between the earlier sources and the epic is that in some of the former Enkidu is only portrayed as Gilgamesh's servant, rather than as his friend and companion.{{sfn|George|2003|pp=140-141}} The term used to describe his relation to Gilgamesh is ''ibru'' ([[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] ''kuli''), which indicates an "informal relation bordering on equality".{{sfn|George|2003|pp=140-141}} Regardless of the differences, Enkidu was consistently portrayed as a source of wise advice.{{sfn|George|2003|p=142}} In the epic he also acts as a dream interpreter, which is unusual, as elsewhere in Mesopotamian literature this task is typically performed by a woman close to the protagonist of a given work, for example [[Geshtinanna]] in myths about [[Dumuzi]].{{sfn|George|2003|p=143}} Attestations of Enkidu outside the epic and its forerunners are very rare, though he does occur in an Old Babylonian incantation meant to help a baby fall asleep, which recounts his youth in the wilderness, and possibly also in the god list ''An = Anum'' (though in this case the restoration of his name is uncertain).{{sfn|George|2003|pp=143-144}}
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۲٫۳ ۱٫۳
==Main characters==
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!scope="row" | Gilgamesh
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!scope="row" | Enkidu
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!scope="row" | Ninsun
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!scope="row" | Shamhat
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!scope="row" | Humbaba
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!scope="row" | Shamash
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!scope="row" | Ishtar
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!scope="row" | Siduri
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!scope="row" | Utnapishti
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==Minor characters==
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!scope="row" | Adad
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!scope="row" | Anu
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!scope="row" | Antu
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!scope="row" | Aruru
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!scope="row" | Aya
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!scope="row" | Bull of Heaven
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!scope="row" | Ea
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!scope="row" | Elders of Uruk
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!scope="row" | Enlil
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!scope="row" | Impaluri
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!scope="row" | Ishara
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!scope="row" | Lugalbanda
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!scope="row" | Scorpion man and scorpion woman
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!scope="row" | Shullat and Hanish
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!scope="row" | Urshanabi
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!scope="row" | Tammuz
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!scope="row" | The sea
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!scope="row" | Wer
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==Characters connected to the Gilgamesh tradition absent from the epic==
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!scope="row" | Akka
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!scope="row" | Lugalgabagal
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!scope="row" | Sîn-lēqi-unninni
| Historical figure
| Other
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| While he lived during the Kassite period, in late sources he was regarded as a contemporary of Gilgamesh.
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'''اورشانابی''' که با نام '''سورسونابو''' نیز شناخته می شود، شخصیتی در [[اسطوره‌های میان‌رودان|اساطیر بینالنهرین]] بود. نام او غیرمعمول و ترجمه آن دشوار است و شامل یک پیشوند رایج در نام‌های [[زبان سومری|سومری]] و یک عدد به خط میخی است که می‌توان آن را هم دو-سوم و هم چهل خواند. به احتمال زیاد این یک ساختار دانشورانه مصنوعی بوده است. او از نسخه‌های بابلی قدیم و بابلی استاندارد ''[[حماسه گیلگمش]]'' و همچنین از اقتباس [[زبان هیتی|هیتی]] آن شناخته شده است. او به عنوان یک قایقرانِ در خدمت [[اوتنپیشتی]] توصیف میشود و مسئول بردن [[گیلگمش]] به قلمرو وی است. در نسخه استاندارد بابلی، او همچنین در نهایت با گیلگمش به [[اوروک]] برمیگردد. علاوه بر این، چنین مطرح شده که او ممکن است به عنوان یک بازمانده از [[افسانه طوفان گیلگمش|سیل بزرگ]] در نظر گرفته شود، و او به عنوان یک قایقران مردگان مانند حموت-تابل یا [[خارون]] یونانی عمل کرده است.
اور-شانابی دوباره در لوح XI ظاهر می شود، پس از اینکه گیلگمش نتوانست درخواست اوتنپیشتی را برای بیدار ماندن یک هفته برآورده کند. {{Sfn|George|2003}} اوتناپیشتیم او را لعنت میکند، احتمالاً به این دلیل که گیلگمش را به خانه‌اش آورده، و او را از وظایفش برکنار میکند، احتمالاً تا دیگر هیچ انسانی نتواند به ساحل قلمروش پا بگذارد. {{Sfn|George|2003}} سپس اور-شانابی در ساحل منتظر می ماند در حالی که گیلگمش تلاش می کند تا گیاه حیات را در اعماق به دست آورد. {{Sfn|George|2003}} هنگامی که قهرمان برمیگردد، به او اطلاع میدهد که آن را با موفقیت به دست آورده است، و پس از بازگشت به [[اوروک|اوروک،]] متوجه خواهد شد که آیا این قهرمان دارای نیروی جوان کنندهای است که به آن نسبت داده شده است یا خیر. {{Sfn|George|2003}} آنها با هم سوار می شوند، اما پس از رسیدن به ساحل، گیاه توسط مار بلعیده میشود و باعث میشود گیلگمش ناامید شود و به اور-شانابی بگوید که همه تلاشهایش بیهوده بوده است. {{Sfn|George|2003}} سپس حماسه با پیشنهاد گیلگمش به پایان میرسد که اور-شانابی را به بالای دیوار دعوت میکند: {{Sfn|George|2003}}
این شامل تکرار بخشی از اولین لوح حماسه است که به طور مشابه اوروک، دیوارهای آن و مکانهای مهم درون آن را توصیف می کند. {{Sfn|George|2003}} معمولاً فرض بر این است که هدف آن این است که نشان دهد گیلگمش پذیرفته است دیواری که در اطراف شهر ساخته است میراث او باقی بماند، اما به گفته جورج ممکن است به طور گسترده‌تری خواننده را به تأمل در ماهیت جامعه معاصر و آن دعوت کند. دستاوردهایی که نمونه آن شهر اوروک است. {{Sfn|George|2003}} طبق تعبیر او، اور-شانابی در اینجا عملاً به عنوان جایگزینِ مخاطب عمل میکندمی کند. {{Sfn|George|2014}}
== ارتباط پیشنهادی خارج از حماسه ==
=== کتابشناسی - فهرست کتب ===
* {{Cite journal|last=اسم|first=فامیل|year=سال|title=عنوان|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44646361|journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale|language=فارسی|publisher=ناشرون|volume=۱۰۸|pages=۶۷-۶۹|issn=03736032|jstor=44646361|access-date=2023-04-04}}
*
*
{{حماسه گیلگمش}}
<nowiki>
[[رده:قهرمانان حماسی سومری]]</nowiki>
[[رده:صفحه‌های با ترجمه بازبینی‌نشده]]</nowiki>
| 