قانون اول ترمودینامیک: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

▲<ref>منابع 1. ^ Jump up to: a b Truesdell, C. A. (1980). 2. Jump up ^ Hess, H. (1840). "Thermochemische Untersuchungen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie 126 (6): 385–404. doi:10.1002/andp.18401260620. 3. Jump up ^ Truesdell, C. A. (1980), pp. 157–158. 4. Jump up ^ Mayer, Robert (1841). Paper: 'Remarks on the Forces of Nature"; as quoted in: Lehninger, A. (1971). Bioenergetics – the Molecular Basis of Biological Energy Transformations, 2nd. Ed. London: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 5. ^ Jump up to: a b c Bailyn, M. (1994), p. 79. 6. Jump up ^ Clausius, R. (1850), page 373, translation here taken from Truesdell, C. A. (1980), pp. 188–189. 7. Jump up ^ Clausius, R. (1850), page 384, equation (IIa.). 8. Jump up ^ Bailyn, M. (1994), p. 80. 9. Jump up ^ Bryan, G. H. (1907), p.47. Also Bryan had written about this in the Enzyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, volume 3, p. 81. Also in 1906 Jean Baptiste Perrin wrote about it in Bull. de la société français de philosophie, volume 6, p. 81. 10. ^ Jump up to: a b c Born, M. (1949), Lecture V, pp. 31–45. 11. Jump up ^ Bailyn, M. (1994), pp. 65, 79. 12. Jump up ^ Helmholtz, H. (1847). 13. Jump up ^ Bailyn, (1994), p. 82. 14. ^ Jump up to: a b Pippard, A. B. (1957/1966), p. 15. According to Herbert Callen, in his most widely cited text, Pippard's text gives a "scholarly and rigorous treatment"; see Callen, H. B. (1960/1985), p. 485. It is also recommended by Münster, A. (1970), p. 376. 15. ^ Jump up to: a b Born, M. (1921). "Kritische Betrachtungen zur traditionellen Darstellung der Thermodynamik". Physik. Zeitschr 22: 218–224. 16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carathéodory, C. (1909). 17. ^ Jump up to: a b c Münster, A. (1970), pp. 23–24. 18. ^ Jump up to: a b Reif, F. (1965), p. 122. 19. ^ Jump up to: a b c Haase, R. (1971), pp. 24–25. 20. Jump up ^ Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC Green Book) See Sec. 2.11 Chemical Thermodynamics 21. Jump up ^ Planck, M. (1897/1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green & Co., London., p. 43</ref>