خوارزمشاهیان: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها

'''خوارزمشاهیان''' دودمانی [[زبان فارسی|پارسی‌گو]]<ref name="Iranica">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]]: [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khwarazmshahs-i Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin]. In [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], online ed. , 2009: ''"Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."''</ref><ref>Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "''Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability''"</ref><ref>"Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"''Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)''". [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502180821/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3034700041.html]</ref> با تبار [[سنت ترکی-ایرانی|ترکی-ایرانی]] و [[سنی]] مذهب بود که مملوکان تُرک شکل دادند<ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|Bosworth]] in ''Camb. Hist. of Iran'', Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, ''"Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"''; Delhi, 2005; {{ISBN|81-7541-246-1}}</ref><ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C. E. Bosworth]], ''"Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times"'' in: [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: ''"The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhs."'' ([http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chorasmia-ii LINK])</ref> و بر ایران و آسیای میانه حاکم بودند.<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=Khwārezm-Shāh Dynasty {{!}} Turkish dynasty|نشانی=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khwarezm-Shah-dynasty|وبگاه=Encyclopedia Britannica|بازبینی=2020-05-28|کد زبان=en}}</ref> خوارزمشاهیان ابتدا به عنوان حکومتی دستنشانده از طرف [[امپراتوری سلجوقی]] بوده و بعد از آن به صورت پادشاهی مستقل حکومت کردند.<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=Khwārezm-Shāh Dynasty {{!}} Turkish dynasty|نشانی=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khwarezm-Shah-dynasty|وبگاه=Encyclopedia Britannica|بازبینی=2020-05-28|کد زبان=en}}</ref><ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=KHWARAZMSHAHS i. – Encyclopaedia Iranica|نشانی=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khwarazmshahs-i|وبگاه=www.iranicaonline.org|بازبینی=2020-05-28}}</ref><ref>Rene Grousset, ''The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia'', Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.</ref> بنیانگذار این سلسله، [[انوشتکین]] بود که در سال ۱۰۷۷ میلادی [[ملکشاه یکم|ملکشاه سلجوقی]] او را به عنوان حاکم [[خوارزم]] منصوب کرد.<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=Khwārezm-Shāh Dynasty {{!}} Turkish dynasty|نشانی=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khwarezm-Shah-dynasty|وبگاه=Encyclopedia Britannica|بازبینی=2020-05-28|کد زبان=en}}</ref> فرزندان انوشتکین (تا پیش از ۱۱۵۷ میلادی) به نمایندگی از پادشاهان [[امپراتوری سلجوقی|سلجوقی]] بر خوارزم حکمرانی می‌کردند.<ref>{{یادکرد وب|عنوان=Khwārezm-Shāh Dynasty {{!}} Turkish dynasty|نشانی=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khwarezm-Shah-dynasty|وبگاه=Encyclopedia Britannica|بازبینی=2020-05-28|کد زبان=en}}</ref> انوشتکین ممکن است متعلق به قبیله [[بیگدلی]] از [[غز|ترکان اوغوز]] باشد.<ref name="anush">{{cite book |last1=Fazlallakh |first1=Rashid ad-Din |title=Oghuznameh (in Russian) |date=1987 |location=Baku}}"Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan [[Muhammad, Khwarezm-Shah|Muhammad Khwarazmshah]] was [[Anushtegin Gharchai|Nushtekin Gharcha]], who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family."</ref>