خودکودتا

خود کودتا که به آن کودتای خودکار نیز می‌گویند (از autogolpe اسپانیایی)، نوعی کودتا است که در آن رهبر یک ملت که از راه‌های قانونی به قدرت رسیده‌است، قانون‌گذاران ملی را منحل یا بی‌قدرت می‌کند و به شکل غیرقانونی اختیارات فوق‌العاده‌ای را در اختیار می‌گیرد که در شرایط عادی به او اعطا نمی‌شدند. سایر اقدامات در یک خودکودتا ممکن است شامل لغو قانون اساسی کشور، تعلیق دادگاه‌های مدنی و دادن قدرت‌های دیکتاتوری به رئیس حکومت باشد.^[۱]^[۲]

بنا بر برآوردها بین سال‌های ۱۹۴۶ تا ۲۰۲۰ حدود ۱۴۸ اقدام به خودکودتا صورت گرفته‌است که ۱۱۰ مورد آن در یکه‌سالاری‌ها و ۳۸ مورد آن در مردم‌سالاری‌ها بوده‌است. .^[۳]

رویدادهای مهمی که به عنوان خودکودتا توصیف شده‌اند

فرانسه: رئیس‌جمهور لویی ناپلئون بناپارت (۲ دسامبر ۱۸۵۱)
اروگوئه: رئیس‌جمهور خوان لیندولفو کوئستاس (۱۰ فوریه 1898)^[۴]
آلمان: صدراعظم آدولف هیتلر (۲۳ مارس 1933)^[۵]
اروگوئه: رئیس‌جمهور گابریل ترا (۳۱ مارس 1933)^[۶]
استونی: نخست‌وزیر در وظایف ایالت کنستانتین پاتس (۱۲ مارس 1934)^[۷]
لتونی: نخست‌وزیر کارلیس اولمانیس (۱۵–۱۶ مه ۱۹۳۴)
شیلی: رئیس‌جمهور آرتورو الساندری پالما (فوریه ۱۹۳۶)
یونان: نخست‌وزیر یوانیس متاکساس (۴ اوت ۱۹۳۶)
برزیل: رئیس‌جمهور گتولیو بارگاس (۱۰ نوامبر ۱۹۳۷)
اروگوئه: رئیس‌جمهور آلفردو بالدومیر (۲۱ فوریه 1942)^[۸]
بولیوی: رئیس‌جمهور Mamerto Urriolagoitía (۱۶ مه 1951)^[۹]
تایلند: فرمانده عالی ساریت تانارات (۲۰ اکتبر 1958)^[۱۰]
تایلند: نخست‌وزیر تانوم کیتیکاچورن (۱۸ نوامبر 1971)^[۱۰]
فیلیپین: رئیس‌جمهور فردیناند مارکوس (۲۳ سپتامبر 1972)^[۱۱]
کره جنوبی: رئیس‌جمهور پارک چونگ هی (۱۷ اکتبر 1972)^[۱۲]
فنلاند: رئیس‌جمهور اورهو ککونن (۱۸ ژانویه 1973)^[۱۳]^[۱۴]
اروگوئه: رئیس‌جمهور خوان ماریا بوردابری (۲۷ ژوئن 1973)^[۱]
پرو: رئیس‌جمهور آلبرتو فوجیموری (۵ آوریل ۱۹۹۲)
ونزوئلا: رئیس‌جمهور نیکلاس مادورو (۲۹ مارس 2017)^[۱۵]^[۱۶]
سودان: رئیس شورای حاکمیت عبدالفتاح البرهان (۲۵ اکتبر 2021)^[۱۷]

رویدادهای مهمی که به عنوان اقدام به خودکودتا توصیف شده‌است

گواتمالا: رئیس‌جمهور خورخه سرانو الیاس (۲۵ مه ۱۹۹۳–۵ ژوئن 1993)^[۱۸]
اندونزی: رئیس‌جمهور عبدالرحمن وحید (۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۰۱–۲۵ ژوئیه 2001)^[۱۹]
مالزی: نخست‌وزیر ماهاتیر محمد (۲۳ فوریه ۲۰۲۰–۱ مارس 2020)^[۲۰]
ایالات متحده: رئیس‌جمهور دونالد ترامپ (۳ نوامبر ۲۰۲۰–۶ ژانویه 2021)^[۲۱]^[۲۲]

منابع

↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ An early reference to the term autogolpe may be found in Kaufman, Edy: Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule, Transaction, New Brunswick, 1979. It includes a definition of autogolpe and mentions that the word was "popularly" used in reference to events in Uruguay in 1972–1973. See Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule – Edy Kaufman at Google Books.
↑ Tufekci, Zeynep (December 7, 2020). "'This Must Be Your First'". The Atlantic. In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe
↑ Nakamura, David (January 5, 2021). "With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup". Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
↑ "URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR. ; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly. (Published 1898)". The New York Times. February 11, 1898.
↑ "Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship". Anne Frank Website. September 28, 2018.
↑ "The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933". www.onwar.com.
↑ XX sajandi kroonika, I osa. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Tallinn, 2002. P. 383"/>
↑ "Biography of Alfredo Baldomir (1884-1948)". thebiography.us. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
↑ "The Bolivian Revolution". www.latinamericanstudies.org.
↑ ^۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ "Counting Thailand's coups". March 8, 2011.
↑ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
↑ The Military in Politics Library of Congress Country Studies
↑ Veikko Vennamo, "As a Prisoner of the Kekkonen Dictatorship" / Kekkos-diktatuurin vankina, published in Finland in 1989).
↑ Johannes Virolainen, "The Last Electoral Term"
↑ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (March 30, 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
↑ "Venezuela's high court dissolves National Assembly". CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
↑ "Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next | African Arguments". October 27, 2021.
↑ Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Latin American Politics and Society, Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5
↑ Ingraham, Christopher (January 22, 2021). "Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows". Washington Post.
↑ Reuters Staff (February 25, 2020). "Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' - sources". Malaysiakini.
↑ Call, Charles (January 8, 2021). "No, it's not a coup — It's a failed 'self-coup' that will undermine US leadership and democracy worldwide". Brookings Institution.
↑ Hill, Fiona (2021-01-11). "Yes, It Was a Coup. Here's Why". Politico. Retrieved 2021-01-11. Technically, what Trump attempted is what’s known as a “self-coup” and Trump isn’t the first leader to try it. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of the first Napoleon) pulled one off in France December 1851 to stay in power beyond his term. Then he declared himself Emperor, Napoleon III. More recently, Nicolas Maduro perpetrated a self-coup in Venezuela after losing the 2017 elections.

[UY72-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ An early reference to the term autogolpe may be found in Kaufman, Edy: Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule, Transaction, New Brunswick, 1979. It includes a definition of autogolpe and mentions that the word was "popularly" used in reference to events in Uruguay in 1972–1973. See Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule – Edy Kaufman at Google Books.

[atlantic-2020-12-07-2] Tufekci, Zeynep (December 7, 2020). "'This Must Be Your First'". The Atlantic. In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe

[Nakamura-3] Nakamura, David (January 5, 2021). "With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup". Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.

[4] "URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR. ; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly. (Published 1898)". The New York Times. February 11, 1898.

[5] "Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship". Anne Frank Website. September 28, 2018.

[6] "The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933". www.onwar.com.

[7] XX sajandi kroonika, I osa. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Tallinn, 2002. P. 383"/>

[8] "Biography of Alfredo Baldomir (1884-1948)". thebiography.us. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.

[9] "The Bolivian Revolution". www.latinamericanstudies.org.

[auto-10] ۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ "Counting Thailand's coups". March 8, 2011.

[martiallaw-11] "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2016.

[12] The Military in Politics Library of Congress Country Studies

[13] Veikko Vennamo, "As a Prisoner of the Kekkonen Dictatorship" / Kekkos-diktatuurin vankina, published in Finland in 1989).

[14] Johannes Virolainen, "The Last Electoral Term"

[coup-15] Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (March 30, 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2017.

[16] "Venezuela's high court dissolves National Assembly". CNN. Retrieved March 30, 2017.

[17] "Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next | African Arguments". October 27, 2021.

[Levitt-18] Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Latin American Politics and Society, Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5

[19] Ingraham, Christopher (January 22, 2021). "Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows". Washington Post.

[20] Reuters Staff (February 25, 2020). "Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' - sources". Malaysiakini.

[21] Call, Charles (January 8, 2021). "No, it's not a coup — It's a failed 'self-coup' that will undermine US leadership and democracy worldwide". Brookings Institution.

[22] Hill, Fiona (2021-01-11). "Yes, It Was a Coup. Here's Why". Politico. Retrieved 2021-01-11. Technically, what Trump attempted is what’s known as a “self-coup” and Trump isn’t the first leader to try it. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of the first Napoleon) pulled one off in France December 1851 to stay in power beyond his term. Then he declared himself Emperor, Napoleon III. More recently, Nicolas Maduro perpetrated a self-coup in Venezuela after losing the 2017 elections.

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