جنبش پاکستان

جنبش پاکستان (به اردو:تحریک پاکستان) عنوان جنبشی تاریخی بود که برای استقلال ایالات شمال غربی هند که مسلمان‌نشین هستند (پاکستان) از راج انگلیس آغاز گردید و در ژوئن ۱۹۴۷ به استقلال پاکستان منجر شد.^[۱]^[۲]

در سوم ژوئن سال ۱۹۴۷، وایکانت لوئیس ماونت باتن، آخرین فرماندار کل هند، بخش‌بندی هند بریتانیایی به هند و پاکستان را اعلام کرد. با عبور سریع از پارلمان بریتانیایی قانون استقلال هند، در ساعت ۱۱:۵۷ مورخ ۱۴ اوت ۱۹۴۷، پاکستان به عنوان کشوری جداگانه اعلام شد، و در ساعت ۱۲:۰۲، درست پس از نیمه شب، مورخ ۱۵ اوت ۱۹۴۷ هند نیز کشوری مستقل شد.^[۳]^[۴]^[۵]^[۶]

نگارخانه

رابرت کلایو ملاقات با میرجعفر پس از نبرد پلاسی. رده‌ها
یورش نیروهای بریتانیایی به دروازه پتا در بنگلور.
ژنرال سر دیوید بیرد کشف جسد تیپو سلطان، ۱۷۹۹.
ارتش بریتانیا آخرین فشار برایپادشاهی میسور

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

↑ Bhatti, Safeer Tariq (3 December 2015). International Conflict Analysis in South Asia: A Study of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan (به انگلیسی). UPA. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-0-7618-6647-3. The religious nationalism sentiment is based upon the two nation theory that Hindus and Muslims are of two separate religious communities and separate nations.
↑ Burki, Shahid Javed (1999) [First published in 1986]. Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8133-3621-3. The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh … not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite … Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory'
↑ Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (به انگلیسی), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, retrieved 2022-11-07
↑ Ishtiaq Ahmad; Adnan Rafiq (3 November 2016). Pakistan's Democratic Transition: Change and Persistence. Taylor & Francis. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-317-23595-8.
↑ Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 496. شابک ‎۹۷۸−۱−۳۱۶−۲۵۸۳۸−۵. "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."
↑ Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946". Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 20 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1080/14662048208447395. Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period, or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.

[Bhatti-1] Bhatti, Safeer Tariq (3 December 2015). International Conflict Analysis in South Asia: A Study of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan (به انگلیسی). UPA. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-0-7618-6647-3. The religious nationalism sentiment is based upon the two nation theory that Hindus and Muslims are of two separate religious communities and separate nations.

[2] Burki, Shahid Javed (1999) [First published in 1986]. Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8133-3621-3. The university that [Sir Sayyid] founded in the town of Aligarh … not only provided the Pakistan movement with its leadership but, later, also provided the new country of Pakistan with its first ruling elite … Aligarh College made it possible for the Muslims to discover a new political identity: Being a Muslim came to have a political connotation-a connotation that was to lead this Indian Muslim community inexorably toward acceptance of the 'two-nation theory'

[3] Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (به انگلیسی), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, retrieved 2022-11-07

[4] Ishtiaq Ahmad; Adnan Rafiq (3 November 2016). Pakistan's Democratic Transition: Change and Persistence. Taylor & Francis. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-1-317-23595-8.

[books.google.com-5] Dhulipala, Venkat (2015). Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India. Cambridge University Press. p. 496. شابک ‎۹۷۸−۱−۳۱۶−۲۵۸۳۸−۵. "The idea of Pakistan may have had its share of ambiguities, but its dismissal as a vague emotive symbol hardly illuminates the reasons as to why it received such overwhelmingly popular support among Indian Muslims, especially those in the 'minority provinces' of British India such as U.P."

[6] Talbot, Ian (1982). "The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946". Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 20 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1080/14662048208447395. Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period, or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.

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