جی‌دی

مدرک جِی‌دی (به لاتین: Juris Doctor، اختصار: JD یا .J.D) (تلفظ لاتین: یوریس دُکتُر) یک مدرک دکترای حرفه‌ای^[۲]^[۳]^[۴]^[۵]^[۶]^[۷] و نخستین درجهٔ تخصصی^[۸]^[۹] عالی^[۱۰]^[۱۱]^[۱۲] در رشتهٔ حقوق است. این مدرک را در کشورهای ایالات متحدهٔ آمریکا، کانادا، استرالیا، و دیگر کشورهای دارای کامن لا با تکمیل مدرسه یا دانشکدهٔ حقوق می‌توان دریافت کرد. بسیاری از کسانی که مدرک جِی‌دی دارند، افرادی هستند که مشغول به کار در رشتهٔ حقوق‌اند و بسیاری از آنان کار خود را در زمینه‌های حقوق کیفری، جُرم (بزه)،^[۱۳] حقوق خانواده، حقوق ابرشرکت‌ها، و/یا گسترهٔ وسیعی از دیگر زمینه‌ها متمرکز می‌کنند.

نمونه‌ای از مدرک جِی‌دی، اعطاشده از سوی دانشکدهٔ حقوق دانشگاه سافُک^[۱]

جستارهای وابستهویرایش

منابعویرایش

↑ Suffolk University Law School
↑ Association of American Universities Data Exchange. "Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education". Retrieved 2010-09-01.^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}
↑ National Science Foundation (2006). "Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients" (PDF). InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics. NSF. 06-312: 7. Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
↑ San Diego County Bar Association (1969). "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". Archived from the original on 11 April 2003. Retrieved 2008-05-26.. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate
↑ University of Utah (2006). "University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
↑ German Federal Ministry of Education. "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. 3. 2002. p. 962:1a.
↑ U.S. Department of Education (2008). "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
↑ College Blue Book (1999). Degrees Offered by College and Subject. New York: MacMillan. p. 817.
↑ University of California, Berkeley. "General Catalog – Graduate Education – Graduate Degrees and Certificates". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
↑ University of Southern California (1995). "Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs". Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
↑ University of Melbourne. "About Use - The Melbourne JD". Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
↑ tort

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Juris Doctor». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۲۳ آوریل ۲۰۱۶.

[1] Suffolk University Law School

[aaude2008-2] Association of American Universities Data Exchange. "Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education". Retrieved 2010-09-01.^{^{[پیوند مرده]}}

[nsf2006-3] National Science Foundation (2006). "Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients" (PDF). InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics. NSF. 06-312: 7. Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.

[sdcba1969-4] San Diego County Bar Association (1969). "Ethics Opinion 1969-5". Archived from the original on 11 April 2003. Retrieved 2008-05-26.. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate

[utah2006-5] University of Utah (2006). "University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-28.

[gfme2008-6] German Federal Ministry of Education. "U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-26. Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.

[eb2002-7] Encyclopædia Britannica. 3. 2002. p. 962:1a.

[usdoe2008-8] U.S. Department of Education (2008). "USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[cbb1999-9] College Blue Book (1999). Degrees Offered by College and Subject. New York: MacMillan. p. 817.

[ucb2008-10] University of California, Berkeley. "General Catalog – Graduate Education – Graduate Degrees and Certificates". Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[usc1995-11] University of Southern California (1995). "Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs". Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[unimelb2008-12] University of Melbourne. "About Use - The Melbourne JD". Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-26.

[13] tort

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