رکسانا (همسر کمبوجیه)

روشنک، در منابع یونانی روشنک به صورت رکسانا نوشته شده است. بر پایه نقل قول از کتاب پرسیکا نوشتهٔ کتزیاس یکی از همسران کمبوجیه دوم بود که فرزندی بدون سر به دنیا آورد. ممکن است که او یکی از دو خواهر کمبوجیه بود که طبق هرودوت ۳٫۳۱٫۶ با او ازدواج کردند.^[۱]^[۲]

نام

رکسانا نامی یونانی برگرفته از نام ایرانی باستان روشنک است. *Raṷxšnā- (ولی نه *Raṷxšā̆nā-) که معادل زنانه همتای مردانه اش *Raṷxšna (که در نوشتار پلوتارک دربارهٔ فرمانده لشکر هزار نفری خشایارشای یکم هخامنشی به کار برده است)^[۱] برای این نام تا کنون معانی مختلفی در نظر گرفته شد از جمله «شجاع و دلیر» چرا که به افسانه ای به همین نام اشاره می‌کند. معانی دیگر ان به نور (برگرفته شده از روشنایی) مانند سپیده دم خورشید، مشعلدار، روشنایی قبل از طلوع، سیاره زهره بازمی‌گردند. از دیگر معانی روشنک می‌توان به «دشت گل‌های آفتابگردان» یا «گل آفتابگردان» اشاره کرد که گمان می‌رود به کلمات آفتاب و نور که از معانی کلمهٔ روشنایی (ریشه نام روشنک) می‌باشند بازگردند. همچنین درختی نیز به همین نام (نام دیگر:درخت صمغ بلسانی) موجود می‌باشد که اغلب به خاطر وجود خواص دارویی مشهور است.

ازدواج کمبوجیه

جوآن ام. بیگوود در مقاله ازدواج با محارم در ایران هخامنشی: اسطوره‌ها و واقعیت‌ها می‌نویسد: هرودوت روایت کرده است که کمبوجیه دوم با خواهرش آتوسا و یک خواهر دیگر تنی دیگر که نام او را ذکر نکرده ازدواج کرده است. به فرض صحت در هیچ جای کتاب نیامده است که آتوسا «خواهر تنی» او بوده است.^[۳] هرودوت نام خواهر دیگر کمبوجیه که همسر او نیز بوده را ذکر نکرده است.^[۴]
کتزیاس است که از رکسانا به عنوان زن کمبوجیه نام برده است. مشخص نیست که کمبوجیه در روایت کتزیاس چند همسر داشته است. خانواده رکسانا و اصل و نسب او ناشناخته است و چیزی وجود ندارد که نشان دهد کمبوجیه و رکسانا خواهر و برادر هستند. به علاوه، هیچ تضمینی نیست که داستانی که کتزیاس ارائه می‌کند دقیق‌تر از داستان هرودوت باشد.^[۳]

جستارهای وابسته

خویدوده

پانویس

↑ ^۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (2018-04-06). "RHOXANE i. THE NAME". Encyclopædia Iranica (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2025-01-29.‏
↑ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (2000-01-01). "WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2025-02-27. Greek sources claim that incestuous brother-sister and father-daughter marriages were concluded within the royal family, but it is difficult to determine their veracity. Cambyses II allegedly married two of his sisters (Hdt. , 3.31.1), which even at the time was regarded as an unlawful act, and Artaxerxes II is said to have married two daughters (Plut. , Art. 23.5-6). Against the accusation of Cambyses’ incestuous marriages stands Herodotus’ own statement that Cambyses was married to Otanes’ daughter Phaidyme, as well as Ctesias’ reference to a wife named Roxane (FGrH 688 F13), whom he does not identify as a sister. Furthermore, the fact that the accusation of incest is listed in a series of sacrilegious acts committed by Cambyses, all of which are to emphasize his insanity and hubris, should caution against their acceptance.‏
↑ ^۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ "Full text of "Bigwood 2009 , Incestuous' Marriage In Achaemenid Iran Myths And Realities"". Internet Archive (به انگلیسی). 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2025-01-25. This they say was the first beginning of the evil deeds of Cambyses; and next after this he put to death his sister, who had accompanied him to Egypt, to whom also he was married, she being his sister by both parents. Now he took her to wife in the following manner (for before this the Persians had not been wont at all to marry their sisters):--Cambyses fell in love with one of his sisters, and desired to take her to wife; so since he had it in mind to do that which was not customary, he called the Royal Judges and asked them whether there existed any law which permitted him who desired it to marry his sister. Now the Royal Judges are men chosen out from among the Persians, and hold their office until they die or until some injustice is found in them, so long and no longer. These pronounce decisions for the Persians and are the expounders of the ordinances of their fathers, and all matters are referred to them. So when Cambyses asked them, they gave him an answer which was both upright and safe, saying that they found no law which permitted a brother to marry his sister, but apart from that they had found a law to the effect that the king of the Persians might do whatsoever he desired. Thus on the one hand they did not tamper with the law for fear of Cambyses, and at the same time, that they might not perish themselves in maintaining the law, they found another law beside that which was asked for, which was in favour of him who wished to marry his sisters. So Cambyses at that time took to wife her with whom he was in love, but after no long time he took another sister. Of these it was the younger whom he put to death, she having accompanied him to Egypt.‏
↑ "Full text of "Bigwood 2009 , Incestuous' Marriage In Achaemenid Iran Myths And Realities"". Internet Archive (به انگلیسی). 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2025-01-25. :::The second was the slaying of his sister, who had accompanied him into Egypt, and lived with him as his wife, though she was his full sister, the daughter both of his father and his mother. The way wherein he had made her his wife was the following:-It was not the custom of the Persians, before his time, to marry their sisters, but Cambyses, happening to fall in love with one of his and wishing to take her to wife, as he knew that it was an uncommon thing, called together the royal judges, and put it to them, "whether there was any law which allowed a brother, if he wished, to marry his sister?" Now the royal judges are certain picked men among the Persians, who hold their office for life, or until they are found guilty of some misconduct. By them justice is administered in Persia, and they are the interpreters of the old laws, all disputes being referred to their decision. When Cambyses, therefore, put his question to these judges, they gave him an answer which was at once true and safe- "they did not find any law," they said, "allowing a brother to take his sister to wife, but they found a law, that the king of the Persians might do whatever he pleased." And so they neither warped the law through fear of Cambyses, nor ruined themselves by over stiffly maintaining the law; but they brought another quite distinct law to the king's help, which allowed him to have his wish. Cambyses, therefore, married the object of his love, and no long time afterwards he took to wife another sister. It was the younger of these who went with him into Egypt, and there suffered death at his hands‏

[q578-1] ۱٫۰ ^۱٫۱ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (2018-04-06). "RHOXANE i. THE NAME". Encyclopædia Iranica (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2025-01-29.‏

[x470-2] Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (2000-01-01). "WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopædia Iranica (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2025-02-27. Greek sources claim that incestuous brother-sister and father-daughter marriages were concluded within the royal family, but it is difficult to determine their veracity. Cambyses II allegedly married two of his sisters (Hdt. , 3.31.1), which even at the time was regarded as an unlawful act, and Artaxerxes II is said to have married two daughters (Plut. , Art. 23.5-6). Against the accusation of Cambyses’ incestuous marriages stands Herodotus’ own statement that Cambyses was married to Otanes’ daughter Phaidyme, as well as Ctesias’ reference to a wife named Roxane (FGrH 688 F13), whom he does not identify as a sister. Furthermore, the fact that the accusation of incest is listed in a series of sacrilegious acts committed by Cambyses, all of which are to emphasize his insanity and hubris, should caution against their acceptance.‏

[j943-3] ۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ "Full text of "Bigwood 2009 , Incestuous' Marriage In Achaemenid Iran Myths And Realities"". Internet Archive (به انگلیسی). 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2025-01-25. This they say was the first beginning of the evil deeds of Cambyses; and next after this he put to death his sister, who had accompanied him to Egypt, to whom also he was married, she being his sister by both parents. Now he took her to wife in the following manner (for before this the Persians had not been wont at all to marry their sisters):--Cambyses fell in love with one of his sisters, and desired to take her to wife; so since he had it in mind to do that which was not customary, he called the Royal Judges and asked them whether there existed any law which permitted him who desired it to marry his sister. Now the Royal Judges are men chosen out from among the Persians, and hold their office until they die or until some injustice is found in them, so long and no longer. These pronounce decisions for the Persians and are the expounders of the ordinances of their fathers, and all matters are referred to them. So when Cambyses asked them, they gave him an answer which was both upright and safe, saying that they found no law which permitted a brother to marry his sister, but apart from that they had found a law to the effect that the king of the Persians might do whatsoever he desired. Thus on the one hand they did not tamper with the law for fear of Cambyses, and at the same time, that they might not perish themselves in maintaining the law, they found another law beside that which was asked for, which was in favour of him who wished to marry his sisters. So Cambyses at that time took to wife her with whom he was in love, but after no long time he took another sister. Of these it was the younger whom he put to death, she having accompanied him to Egypt.‏

[name943-4] "Full text of "Bigwood 2009 , Incestuous' Marriage In Achaemenid Iran Myths And Realities"". Internet Archive (به انگلیسی). 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2025-01-25. :::The second was the slaying of his sister, who had accompanied him into Egypt, and lived with him as his wife, though she was his full sister, the daughter both of his father and his mother. The way wherein he had made her his wife was the following:-It was not the custom of the Persians, before his time, to marry their sisters, but Cambyses, happening to fall in love with one of his and wishing to take her to wife, as he knew that it was an uncommon thing, called together the royal judges, and put it to them, "whether there was any law which allowed a brother, if he wished, to marry his sister?" Now the royal judges are certain picked men among the Persians, who hold their office for life, or until they are found guilty of some misconduct. By them justice is administered in Persia, and they are the interpreters of the old laws, all disputes being referred to their decision. When Cambyses, therefore, put his question to these judges, they gave him an answer which was at once true and safe- "they did not find any law," they said, "allowing a brother to take his sister to wife, but they found a law, that the king of the Persians might do whatever he pleased." And so they neither warped the law through fear of Cambyses, nor ruined themselves by over stiffly maintaining the law; but they brought another quite distinct law to the king's help, which allowed him to have his wish. Cambyses, therefore, married the object of his love, and no long time afterwards he took to wife another sister. It was the younger of these who went with him into Egypt, and there suffered death at his hands‏

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