مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی: تفاوت میان نسخه‌ها
محتوای حذف‌شده محتوای افزوده‌شده
Fatranslator (بحث | مشارکت‌ها) جز افزودن ناوباکس ۷.۵> الگو:تاریخ بزرگ (درخواست کاربر:Yamaha5)+ |
گسترش/ این بخش نیازمند ترجمه است |
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خط ۲۱:
* [[عصر (زمین‌شناسی)|عصر]] یا روزگار (Age): به مدت‌زمانی گفته می‌شود که تغییرات در ساختار زمین جزئی‌تر از دوره است ولی تغییراتی در شکل زمین رخ می‌دهد.
== جدول مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی ==
{{ترجمه}}
جدول زیر خلاصه رویدادهای مهم در طول [[تاریخ زمین‌شناختی زمین]] است و ویژگی‌های دوره‌های زمانی در مقیاس زمین‌شناسی را تشریح می‌کند. در این جدول، دوره‌های زمانی جدیدتر در بالا و دوره‌های قدیمی‌تر در پایین قرار گرفته‌اند.
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="clear:both;margin:0; font-size:95%"
|-
! [[مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی|بزرگ‌ابردوران]]
! [[مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی|ابردوران]]
! [[دوران (زمین‌شناسی)|دوران]]
! [[دوره (زمین‌شناسی)|دوره]]
! [[دور (زمین‌شناسی)|دور]]
! [[عصر (زمین‌شناسی)|عصر]]
! رویدادهای مهم
! آغاز (میلیون سال پیش)
|-
|rowspan="102" style="background:#ffffff"| n/a{{Efn|References to the "Post-Cambrian Supereon" are not universally accepted, and therefore must be considered unofficial.}}
|rowspan="102" style="background:{{Period color|Phanerozoic}}"| [[پیدازیستی]]
|rowspan="24" style="background:{{Period color|Cenozoic}}"| [[نوزیستی]]{{Efn|Historically, the [[نوزیستی]] has been divided up into the [[کواترنری]] and [[ترشیاری]] sub-eras, as well as the [[نئوژن]] and [[پالئوژن]] periods. The 2009 version of the ICS time chart<ref name="cenozoic-division">{{cite web |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229003212/http://www.stratigraphy.org/upload/ISChart2009.pdf |archivedate=29 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.}}
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{Period color|Quaternary}}"| [[کواترنری]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Holocene}}"| [[هولوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Meghalayan}}"|[[Meghalayan]]
|[[4.2 kiloyear event]], [[عصر یخبندان کوچک]], increasing [[انقلاب صنعتی]] [[Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere|CO<sub>2</sub>]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Meghalayan}}"| {{Period start|meghalayan}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Northgrippian}}"| [[Northgrippian]]
|[[رویداد ۸۲۰۰ ساله]], [[Holocene climatic optimum]]. [[عصر برنز]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Northgrippian}}"| {{Period start|northgrippian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Greenlandian}}"| [[Greenlandian]]
|Current [[میان‌یخچالی]] begins. [[سطح آب‌های آزاد]] flooding of [[داگرلند]] and [[سوندالند]]. [[صحرای بزرگ آفریقا]] desert forms. [[انقلاب نوسنگی]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Greenlandian}}"| {{Period start|greenlandian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Pleistocene}}"| [[پلیستوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Upper Pleistocene}}"| [[پلیستوسن پسین]] ''('[[پلیستوسن پسین]]')''
|[[Eemian]] [[میان‌یخچالی]], [[آخرین عصر یخبندان]], ending with [[یانگر درایاس]]. [[نظریه فوران آتشفشان توبا]]. [[رویداد انقراض کواترنری]].
|style="background:{{Period color|upper Pleistocene}}"| {{Period start|Late pleistocene}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Middle Pleistocene}}"| [[پلیستوسن میانه]] ''('[[پلیستوسن میانه]]', '[[پلیستوسن میانه]]')''
|High amplitude [[100,000-year problem|100 ka]] [[دوره یخچالی]]. Rise of [[انسان خردمند]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Middle Pleistocene}}"| {{Period start|middle pleistocene}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Calabrian}}"| [[پلیستوسن پیشین]]
|Further cooling of the climate. Spread of [[انسان راست‌قامت]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Calabrian}}"| {{Period start|calabrian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Gelasian}}"| [[گلاسین]]
|Start of [[یخبندان کواترنری]]s. Rise of the [[Pleistocene megafauna]] and [[انسان ماهر]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Gelasian}}"| {{Period start|gelasian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="8" style="background:{{Period color|Neogene}}"| [[نئوژن]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Pliocene}}"| [[پلیوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Piacenzian}}"| [[پیاسنزین]]
|[[یخسار گرینلند]] develops.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020 |title=Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=237 |issue=1–2 |pages=33–44 |year=2005 |last1=Bartoli |first1=G |last2=Sarnthein |first2=M |last3=Weinelt |first3=M |last4=Erlenkeuser |first4=H |last5=Garbe-Schönberg |first5=D |last6=Lea |first6=D.W |bibcode=2005E&PSL.237...33B }}</ref> [[جنوبی‌کپی]] common in East Africa.<ref>{{cite web | title=NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution | last=Tyson | first=Peter |date=October 2009 | publisher=PBS | accessdate=2009-10-08 | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-nf.html}}</ref>
|style="background:{{Period color|Piacenzian}}"| {{Period start|piacenzian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Zanclean}}"| [[زانکلین]]
|[[Zanclean flood]]ing of the [[حوضه مدیترانه]]. Cooling climate. [[آردی‌کپی]] in Africa.<ref>{{cite web | title=NOVA, Aliens from Earth: Who's who in human evolution | last=Tyson | first=Peter |date=October 2009 | publisher=PBS | accessdate=2009-10-08 | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-nf.html}}</ref>
|style="background:{{Period color|Zanclean}}"| {{Period start|zanclean}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{Period color|Miocene}}"| [[میوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Messinian}}"| [[مسینین]]
|rowspan="2" |[[بحران شوری مسینین]] with hypersaline lakes in empty [[حوضه مدیترانه]]. [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate Icehouse climate]], punctuated by [[عصر یخبندان]]s and re-establishment of [[یخسار جنوبگان خاوری]]; Gradual separation of [[Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor|human and chimpanzee ancestors]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Messinian}}"| {{Period start|messinian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Tortonian}}"| [[تورتونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Tortonian}}"| {{Period start|tortonian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Serravallian}}"| [[سراوالین]]
|rowspan="2" |Warmer during [[Middle Miocene Climate Optimum]].<ref> https://digitalcommons.bryant.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=honors_science </ref> Extinctions in [[Middle Miocene disruption]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Serravallian}}"| {{Period start|serravallian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Langhian}}"| [[لانگین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Langhian}}"| {{Period start|langhian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Burdigalian}}"| [[بوردیگالین]]
|rowspan="2" |[[کوه‌زایی]] in [[نیم‌کره شمالی]]. Start of [[Kaikoura Orogeny]] forming [[آلپ جنوبی]]. Widespread forests slowly [[فتوسنتز]] massive amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, gradually lowering the level of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv during the Miocene.
|style="background:{{Period color|Burdigalian}}"| {{Period start|burdigalian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Aquitanian}}"| [[آکوئیتانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Aquitanian}}"| {{Period start|aquitanian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="9" style="background:{{Period color|Paleogene}}"| [[پالئوژن]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Oligocene}}"| [[الیگوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Chattian}}"| [[چاتین (زمین‌شناسی)]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Eocene–Oligocene extinction event|Grande Coupure]] extinction. Start of widespread [[Late Cenozoic Ice Age|Antarctic glaciation]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature01290|pmid = 12529638| title=Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2| journal=Nature| volume=421| issue=6920| pages=245–249| year=2003| last1=Deconto| first1=Robert M.| last2=Pollard| first2=David|bibcode = 2003Natur.421..245D}}</ref> Rapid [[فرگشت]] and diversification of fauna, especially [[پستانداران]]s. Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of [[گیاهان گلدار]]s
|style="background:{{Period color|Chattian}}"| {{Period start|chattian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Rupelian}}"| [[روپلین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Rupelian}}"| {{Period start|rupelian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Eocene}}"| [[ائوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Priabonian}}"| [[پریابونین]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Moderate, cooling climate]]. Archaic [[پستانداران]]s (e.g. [[گوشت‌دندان‌سانان]]s, [[لقمه‌ای‌بندان]]s, [[یوینتاددان]], etc.) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. Primitive [[آب‌بازسانان]] diversify. First [[گندمیان]]es. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its [[کلاهک یخی]]; End of [[کوه‌زایی لارامید]] and [[Sevier orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[کوه‌های راکی]] in North America. [[کوه‌زایی]] of the [[آلپ]] in Europe begins. [[Hellenic Orogeny]] begins in Greece and [[دریای اژه]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Priabonian}}"| {{Period start|priabonian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Bartonian}}"| [[بارتونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Bartonian}}"| {{Period start|bartonian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Lutetian}}"| [[لوتتین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Lutetian}}"| {{Period start|lutetian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Ypresian}}"| [[ایپرزین]]
|Two transient events of global warming ([[حداکثر حرارتی پالئوسن-ائوسن]] and [[Eocene Thermal Maximum 2|ETM-2]]) and warming climate until the [[ائوسن]]. The [[Azolla event]] decreased CO<sub>2</sub> levels from 3500 ppm to 650 ppm, setting the stage for a long period of cooling."}} [[شبه‌قاره هند]] collides with Asia and starts [[Geology of the Himalaya|Himalayan Orogeny]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Ypresian}}"| {{Period start|ypresian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Paleocene}}"| [[پالئوسن]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Thanetian}}"| [[تانتین]]
|rowspan="3"| Starts with [[دهانه چیکشلوب]] and the [[رویداد انقراض کرتاسه-پالئوژن]]. [[Greenhouse and Icehouse Earth|Climate tropical]]. Modern plants appear; [[پستانداران]]s diversify into a number of primitive lineages following the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. First large mammals (up to [[خرس]] or small [[اسب آبی]] size). [[کوه‌زایی آلپی]] in Europe and Asia begins.
|style="background:{{Period color|Thanetian}}"| {{Period start|thanetian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Selandian}}"| [[سلاندین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Selandian}}"| {{Period start|selandian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Danian}}"| [[دانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Danian}}"| {{Period start|danian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="30" style="background:{{Period color|Mesozoic}}"| [[میانه‌زیستی]]
|rowspan="12" style="background:{{Period color|Cretaceous}}" | [[کرتاسه]]
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{Period color|Late Cretaceous}}"| [[کرتاسه پسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Maastrichtian}}"| [[ماستریختین]]
|rowspan="12"| [[گیاهان گلدار]]s proliferate, along with new types of [[حشره]]s. More modern [[پیوسته‌استخوانان]] fish begin to appear. [[شاخ‌قوچی]], [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]], [[صدف‌های حلقه‌ای]] [[دوکفه‌ای‌ها]]s, [[توتیای دریایی]]s and [[اسفنج دریایی]] all common. Many new types of [[دایناسور]]s (e.g. [[بیدادگرخزندگان]], [[تیتاناسور]], [[اردک‌منقاران]], and [[شاخ‌چهرگان]]) evolve on land, as do [[هوسوسماران]] ([[تمساح‌سانان]]); and [[موساسوریان]]s and modern [[کوسه]]s appear in the sea. Primitive birds gradually replace [[خزندگان بال‌دار]]. [[تک‌سوراخیان]], [[کیسه‌داران]]s and [[هوددان]] mammals appear. Break up of [[گوندوانا]]. Beginning of [[کوه‌زایی لارامید]] and [[Sevier Orogeny|Sevier Orogenies]] of the [[کوه‌های راکی]]. [[جو زمین]] CO<sub>2</sub> close to present-day levels.
|style="background:{{Period color|Maastrichtian}}"| {{Period start|maastrichtian}} ± 0.2<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Campanian}}"| [[کامپانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Campanian}}"| {{Period start|campanian}} ± 0.2
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Santonian}}"| [[سانتونین (زمین‌شناسی)]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Santonian}}"| {{Period start|santonian}} ± 0.5<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Coniacian}}"| [[کنیاسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Coniacian}}"| {{Period start|coniacian}} ± 0.3
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Turonian}}"| [[تورونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Turonian}}"| {{Period start|turonian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Cenomanian}}"| [[سنومانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Cenomanian}}"| {{Period start|cenomanian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{Period color|Early Cretaceous}}"| [[کرتاسه پیشین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Albian}}"| [[آلبین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Albian}}"| ~{{Period start|albian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Aptian}}"| [[آپتین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Aptian}}"| ~{{Period start|aptian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Barremian}}"| [[بارمین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Barremian}}"| ~{{Period start|barremian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Hauterivian}}"| [[هاتریوین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Hauterivian}}"| ~{{Period start|hauterivian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Valanginian}}"| [[والانجینین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Valanginian}}"| ~{{Period start|valanginian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Berriasian}}"| [[بریاسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Berriasian}}"| ~{{Period start|berriasian}}
|-
|rowspan="11" style="background:{{Period color|Jurassic}}"| [[ژوراسیک]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Late Jurassic}}"| [[ژوراسیک پسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Tithonian}}"| [[تیتونین]]
|rowspan="11"| [[بازدانگان]]s (especially [[مخروطیان]]s, [[Bennettitales]] and [[cycad]]s) and [[سرخس (گیاه)]]s common. Many types of [[دایناسور]]s, such as [[خزنده‌پایان]]s, [[گوشت‌خزندگان]]s, and [[پوشیده‌خزنده‌سانان]]s. Mammals common but small. First birds and [[پولک‌داران]]. [[ماهی‌خزنده‌سانان]]s and [[نزدیک‌سوسمارسانان]]s diverse. [[دوکفه‌ای‌ها]]s, [[شاخ‌قوچی]]s and [[Belemnoidea|belemnites]] abundant. [[توتیای دریایی]]s very common, along with [[زنبق دریایی]]s, starfish, [[اسفنج دریایی]], and [[Terebratulida|terebratulid]] and [[Rhynchonellida|rhynchonellid]] [[بازوپایان]]s. Breakup of [[پانگه‌آ]] into [[گوندوانا]] and [[لوراسیا]]. [[Nevadan orogeny]] in North America. [[Rangitata Orogeny|Rangitata]] and [[کوه‌زایی سیمرین]] taper off. Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels 3–4 times the present day levels (1200–1500 ppmv, compared to today's 400 ppmv).
|style="background:{{Period color|Tithonian}}"| {{Period start|tithonian}} ± 0.9
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Kimmeridgian}}"| [[کیمریجین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Kimmeridgian}}"| {{Period start|kimmeridgian}} ± 1.0
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Oxfordian}}"| [[آکسفوردین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Oxfordian}}"| {{Period start|oxfordian}} ± 1.0
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Middle Jurassic}}"| [[ژوراسیک میانه]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Callovian}}"| [[کالووین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Callovian}}"| {{Period start|callovian}} ± 1.2
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Bathonian}}"| [[باتونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Bathonian}}"| {{Period start|bathonian}} ± 1.3<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Bajocian}}"| [[باجوسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Bajocian}}"| {{Period start|bajocian}} ± 1.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Aalenian}}"| [[آلنین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Aalenian}}"| {{Period start|aalenian}} ± 1.0<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Early Jurassic}}"| [[ژوراسیک پیشین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Toarcian}}"| [[توآرسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Toarcian}}"| {{Period start|toarcian}} ± 0.7<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Pliensbachian}}"| [[پلینسباخین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Pliensbachian}}"| {{Period start|pliensbachian}} ± 1.0<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Sinemurian}}"| [[سینمورین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Sinemurian}}"| {{Period start|sinemurian}} ± 0.3<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Hettangian}}"| [[هتانجین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Hettangian}}"| {{Period start|hettangian}} ± 0.2<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{Period color|Triassic}}"| [[تریاس]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Late Triassic}}"| [[تریاس پسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Rhaetian}}"| [[راتین]]
|rowspan="7"| [[شاه‌خزندگان]]s dominant on land as [[دایناسور]]s, in the oceans as [[ماهی‌خزنده‌سانان]]s and [[کاذب‌خزنده‌سانان]]s, and in the air as [[خزندگان بال‌دار]]s. [[سگ‌دندان (فروراسته)]]s become smaller and more mammal-like, while first [[پستانداران]]s and [[تمساح‌سانان]] appear. ''[[Dicroidium]]''flora common on land. Many large aquatic [[بریده‌مهرگان]] amphibians. [[شاخ‌قوچی]] extremely common. [[مرجان‌های سنگی]] and [[پیوسته‌استخوانان]] fish appear, as do many modern [[حشره]] clades. [[کوه‌های آند]] in South America. [[کوه‌زایی سیمرین]] in Asia. [[Rangitata Orogeny]] begins in New Zealand. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] in [[Northern Australia]], Queensland and [[نیو ساوت ولز]] ends, (c. 260–225 [[سال]])
|style="background:{{Period color|Rhaetian}}"| ~{{Period start|rhaetian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Norian}}"| [[نورین (زمین‌شناسی)]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Norian}}"| ~{{Period start|norian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Carnian}}"| [[کارنین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Carnian}}"| ~{{Period start|carnian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Middle Triassic}}"| [[تریاس میانه]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Ladinian}}"| [[لادینین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Ladinian}}"| ~{{Period start|ladinian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Anisian}}"| [[آنیسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Anisian}}"| {{Period start|anisian}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Early Triassic}}"| [[تریاس پیشین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Olenekian}}"| [[اولنکین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Olenekian}}"| {{Period start|olenekian}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Induan}}"| [[ایندون]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Induan}}"| {{Period start|induan}} ± 0.06<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="48" style="background:{{Period color|Paleozoic}}"| [[دیرینه‌زیستی]]
|rowspan="9" style="background:{{Period color|Permian}}"| [[پرمین]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Lopingian}}"| [[Lopingian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Changhsingian}}"| [[چانگسینگین]]
|rowspan="9"| [[خشکی]]es unite into [[ابرقاره]] [[پانگه‌آ]], creating the [[رشته‌کوه آپالاش]]s. End of Permo-Carboniferous glaciation. [[هم‌کمانان]] [[خزندگان]]s ([[پلیکوسور]]s and [[ددکمانان]]s) become plentiful, while [[پیراخزندگان]]s and [[بریده‌مهرگان]] [[دوزیستان]]s remain common. In the mid-Permian, [[زغال‌سنگ]]-age flora are replaced by [[میوه کاج]]-bearing [[بازدانگان]]s (the first true [[پیدازادان]]) and by the first true [[خزه]]es. [[قاب‌بالان]] and [[مگس]] evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; [[Productida|productid]] and [[Spiriferida|spiriferid]] brachiopods, bivalves, [[روزن‌داران]]s, and [[راست‌شاخچه‌سانان]]s all abundant. [[رویداد انقراض پرمین-تریاس]] occurs 251 [[سال]]: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all [[تریلوبیت]]s, [[سنگ‌نگاشته (جانور)]]s, and [[غنچه‌های دریایی]]s. [[Ouachita Orogeny|Ouachita]] and [[Innuitian orogeny|Innuitian orogenies]] in North America. [[کوه‌زایی اورالی]] in Europe/Asia tapers off. [[رشته‌کوه آلتای]] orogeny in Asia. [[Hunter-Bowen Orogeny]] on [[استرالیا (قاره)]] begins (c. 260–225 [[سال]]), forming the [[MacDonnell Ranges]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Changhsingian}}"| {{Period start|changhsingian}} ± 0.07<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Wuchiapingian}}"| [[ووچیاپینگین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Wuchiapingian}}"| {{Period start|wuchiapingian}} ± 0.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Guadalupian}}"| [[پرمین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Capitanian}}"| [[کاپیتانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Capitanian}}"| {{Period start|capitanian}} ± 0.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Wordian}}"| [[ووردین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Wordian}}"| {{Period start|wordian}} ± 0.5<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Roadian}}"| [[رودین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Roadian}}"| {{Period start|roadian}} ± 0.5<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Cisuralian}}"| [[پرمین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Kungurian}}"| [[کونگورین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Kungurian}}"| {{Period start|kungurian}} ± 0.6
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Artinskian}}"| [[آرتینسکین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Artinskian}}"| {{Period start|artinskian}} ± 0.26
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Sakmarian}}"| [[ساکمارین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Sakmarian}}"| {{Period start|sakmarian}} ± 0.18
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Asselian}}"| [[آسلین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Asselian}}"| {{Period start|asselian}} ± 0.15<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{Period color|Carboniferous}}"| [[کربنیفر]]{{Efn|In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into [[میسیسیپین]] and [[پنسیلوانین]] Periods.}}
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Pennsylvanian}}"| [[پنسیلوانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Gzhelian}}"| [[گژلین]]
|rowspan="4"| [[بال‌داران]] radiate suddenly; some (esp. [[شیردال‌مگس‌سانان]] and [[شش‌بالان]]) are quite large. [[دوزیستان]]s common and diverse. First [[خزندگان]]s and [[زغال‌سنگ]] forests ([[پولک‌درخت]]s, ferns, [[گیاه مهردار]]s, [[کالامیتس]]s, ''[[کوردایتس]]'', etc.). Highest-ever [[جو زمین]] [[اکسیژن]] levels. [[شاخ‌قوچی گوشه‌دار]]s, brachiopods, bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. Testate [[روزن‌داران]]s proliferate. [[کوه‌زایی اورالی]] in Europe and Asia. [[کوه‌زایی واریسکی]] occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods.
|style="background:{{Period color|Gzhelian}}"| {{Period start|gzhelian}} ± 0.1
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Kasimovian}}"| [[کازیمووین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Kasimovian}}"| {{Period start|kasimovian}} ± 0.1
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Moscovian}}"| [[مسکوین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Moscovian}}"| {{Period start|moscovian}} ± 0.2
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Bashkirian}}"| [[باشکیرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Bashkirian}}"| {{Period start|bashkirian}} ± 0.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Mississippian}}"|[[میسیسیپین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Serpukhovian}}"| [[سرپوخوین]]
|rowspan="3"| Large [[پنجه‌گرگ‌تباران]]s, first [[چهاراندامان]]s, and amphibious [[کژدم‌های دریایی]]s live amid [[زغال‌سنگ]]-forming coastal [[آب لب‌شور]]s. Lobe-finned [[ریشه‌دندان‌سانان]]s are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early [[غضروف‌ماهیان]]s are common and quite diverse; [[خارپوستان]]s (especially [[زنبق دریایی]]s and [[غنچه‌های دریایی]]s) abundant. [[مرجان]]s, [[خزه‌زیان]], [[شاخ‌قوچی گوشه‌دار]]s and brachiopods ([[Productida]], [[Spiriferida]], etc.) very common, but [[تریلوبیت]]s and [[ملوانک‌واران]]s decline. [[دوره یخچالی]] in East [[گوندوانا]]. [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand tapers off.
|style="background:{{Period color|Serpukhovian}}"| {{Period start|serpukhovian}} ± 0.2
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|visean}}"| [[ویزین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|visean}}"| {{Period start|visean}} ± 0.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Tournaisian}}"| [[تورنزین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Tournaisian}}"| {{Period start|tournaisian}} ± 0.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{Period color|Devonian}}"| [[دوونین]]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Late Devonian}}"| [[دوونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Famennian}}"| [[فامنین (زمین‌شناسی)]]
|rowspan="7"| First [[Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]]es, [[رده دم‌اسبی]]s and [[سرخس (گیاه)]]s appear, as do the first [[بذر]]-bearing plants ([[progymnosperm]]s), first trees (the progymnosperm ''[[Archaeopteris]]''), and first (wingless) [[حشره]]s. [[Strophomenida|Strophomenid]] and [[Atrypida|atrypid]] [[بازوپایان]]s, [[مرجان شیپوری]] and [[مرجان تخته‌ای]] corals, and [[زنبق دریایی]]s are all abundant in the oceans. [[شاخ‌قوچی گوشه‌دار]] [[شاخ‌قوچی]] are plentiful, while squid-like [[نیام‌داران]] arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes ([[تخته‌پوستان]]s, [[گوشتی‌بالگان]] and [[ماهیان استخوانی]] fish, and early [[غضروف‌ماهیان]]) rule the seas. First [[دوزیستان]]s still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of [[Euramerica]]. Beginning of [[Acadian Orogeny]] for [[کوه‌های اطلس]] of North Africa, and [[رشته‌کوه آپالاش]] of North America, also the [[Antler Orogeny|Antler]], [[کوه‌زایی واریسکی]], and [[Mayor Island/Tuhua|Tuhua Orogeny]] in New Zealand.
|style="background:{{Period color|Famennian}}"| {{Period start|famennian}} ± 1.6<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Frasnian}}"| [[فراسنین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Frasnian}}"| {{Period start|frasnian}} ± 1.6<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Middle Devonian}}"| [[دوونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Givetian}}"| [[ژیوتین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Givetian}}"| {{Period start|givetian}} ± 0.8<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Eifelian}}"| [[Eifelian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Eifelian}}"| {{Period start|eifelian}} ± 1.2<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Early Devonian}}"| [[دوونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Emsian}}"| [[Emsian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Emsian}}"| {{Period start|emsian}} ± 2.6<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Pragian}}"| [[Pragian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Pragian}}"| {{Period start|pragian}} ± 2.8<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Lochkovian}}"| [[Lochkovian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Lochkovian}}"| {{Period start|lochkovian}} ± 3.2<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="8" style="background:{{Period color|Silurian}}"| [[سیلورین]]
|colspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Pridoli}}"| [[Pridoli epoch|Pridoli]]
|rowspan="8"| First [[آوندداران]]s (the [[rhyniophytes]] and their relatives), first [[هزارپائیان]]s and [[بندپهلو]]s on land. First [[آرواره‌داران]]es, as well as many [[صدف‌پوستان]] [[بی‌آروارگان]], populate the seas. [[کژدم‌های دریایی]] reach large size. [[مرجان تخته‌ای]] and [[مرجان شیپوری]] corals, [[بازوپایان]]s (''Pentamerida'', [[Rhynchonellida]], etc.), and [[زنبق دریایی]]s all abundant. [[تریلوبیت]]s and [[نرم‌تنان]]s diverse; [[سنگ‌نگاشته (جانور)]]s not as varied. Beginning of [[کوه‌زایی کالدونین]] for hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the [[رشته‌کوه اسکاندیناوی]]. Also continued into Devonian period as the [[Acadian Orogeny]], above. [[Taconic Orogeny]] tapers off. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[استرالیا (قاره)]] tapers off.
|style="background:{{Period color|Pridoli}}"| {{Period start|pridoli}} ± 2.3<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Ludlow}}"| [[Ludlow epoch|Ludlow]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Ludfordian}}"| [[Ludfordian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Ludfordian}}"| {{Period start|ludfordian}} ± 0.9<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Gorstian}}"| [[Gorstian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Gorstian}}"| {{Period start|gorstian}} ± 0.5<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Wenlock}}"| [[ونلاک (سیلورین)]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Homerian}}"| [[Homerian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Homerian}}"| {{Period start|homerian}} ± 0.7<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Sheinwoodian}}"| [[Sheinwoodian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Sheinwoodian}}"| {{Period start|sheinwoodian}} ± 0.8<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Llandovery}}"| [[Llandovery epoch|Llandovery]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Telychian}}"| [[Telychian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Telychian}}"| {{Period start|telychian}} ± 1.1<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Aeronian}}"| [[Aeronian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Aeronian}}"| {{Period start|aeronian}} ± 1.2<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Rhuddanian}}"| [[Rhuddanian]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Rhuddanian}}"| {{Period start|rhuddanian}} ± 1.5<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="7" style="background:{{Period color|Ordovician}}"| [[اردویسین]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Late Ordovician}}"| [[اردویسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Hirnantian}}"| [[هیرنانتین]]
|rowspan="7"| [[بی‌مهرگان]]s diversify into many new types (e.g., long [[orthoconic|straight-shelled]] [[راست‌شاخچه‌سانان]]). Early [[مرجان]]s, articulate [[بازوپایان]]s (''Orthida'', ''Strophomenida'', etc.), [[دوکفه‌ای‌ها]], [[ملوانک‌واران]]s, [[تریلوبیت]]s, [[صدفیان]]s, [[خزه‌زیان]], many types of [[خارپوستان]] ([[زنبق دریایی]]s, [[کیسه‌واران]], [[ستاره دریایی]], etc.), branched [[سنگ‌نگاشته (جانور)]]s, and other taxa all common. [[قیف‌دندانان]]s (early [[پلانکتون]]ic [[مهره‌داران]]s) appear. First [[رویان‌داران]]s and [[قارچ]] on land. Ice age at end of period.
|style="background:{{Period color|Hirnantian}}"| {{Period start|hirnantian}} ± 1.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Katian}}"| [[کاتین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Katian}}"| {{Period start|katian}} ± 0.7<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Sandbian}}"| [[سندبین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Sandbian}}"| {{Period start|sandbian}} ± 0.9<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Middle Ordovician}}"| [[اردویسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Darriwilian}}"| [[داریویلین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Darriwilian}}"| {{Period start|darriwilian}} ± 1.1<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Dapingian}}"| [[داپینگین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Dapingian}}"| {{Period start|dapingian}} ± 1.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Early Ordovician}}"| [[اردویسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Floian}}"| [[فلوئین]]<br />(formerly [[Arenig]])
|style="background:{{Period color|Floian}}"| {{Period start|floian}} ± 1.4<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Tremadocian}}"| [[ترمادوسین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Tremadocian}}"| {{Period start|tremadocian}} ± 1.9<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="10" style="background:{{Period color|Cambrian}}"| [[کامبرین]]
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Furongian}}"| [[فورونجین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 10}}"| [[اشکوب ۱۰ کامبرین]]
|rowspan="10"| Major diversification of life in the [[انفجار کامبرین]]. Numerous fossils; most modern [[جانوران]] [[شاخه (زیست‌شناسی)]] appear. First [[طنابداران]]s appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reef-building [[کهن‌جامان]] abundant; then vanish. [[تریلوبیت]]s, [[نرینه‌ای‌تباران]] worms, [[اسفنج دریایی]], inarticulate [[بازوپایان]]s (unhinged lampshells), and numerous other animals. [[Anomalocarid]]s are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. [[پروکاریوت]]s, [[آغازیان]]s (e.g., [[روزن‌داران]]s), [[قارچ]] and [[جلبک]] continue to present day. [[گوندوانا]] emerges. [[Petermann Orogeny]] on the [[استرالیا (قاره)]] tapers off (550–535 [[سال]]). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. [[Adelaide Geosyncline|Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny)]], majority of orogenic activity from 514–500 [[سال]]. [[Lachlan Orogeny]] on [[استرالیا (قاره)]], c. 540–440 [[سال]]. [[جو زمین]] CO<sub>2</sub> content roughly 15 times present-day ([[هولوسن]]) levels (6000 ppmv compared to today's 400 ppmv)
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 10}}"| ~489.5
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Jiangshanian}}"| [[ژیانگشانین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Jiangshanian}}"| ~494<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Paibian}}"| [[پایبین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Paibian}}"| ~{{Period start|paibian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Series 3}}"| [[ردیف ۳ کامبرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Guzhangian}}"| [[گوژانگین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Guzhangian}}"| ~{{Period start|guzhangian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Drumian}}"| [[درومین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Drumian}}"| ~{{Period start|drumian}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 5}}"| [[اشکوب ۵ کامبرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 5}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 5}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Series 2}}"| [[ردیف ۲ کامبرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 4}}"| [[اشکوب ۴ کامبرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 4}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 4}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 3}}"| [[اشکوب ۳ کامبرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 3}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 3}}
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{Period color|Terreneuvian}}"| [[ترنووین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 2}}"| [[اشکوب ۲ کامبرین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Stage 2}}"| ~{{Period start|cambrian stage 2}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Fortunian}}"| [[فورتونین]]
|style="background:{{Period color|Fortunian}}"| ~{{Period start|fortunian}} ± 1.0<sup>*</sup>
|-
|rowspan="18" style="background:{{Period color|Precambrian}}"| [[پرکامبرین]]{{Efn|name="aka-cryptozoic"|The [[پرکامبرین]] به نام کریپتوزوئیک نیز شناخته می‌شود.}}
|rowspan="10" style="background:{{Period color|Proterozoic}}"| [[پیشین‌زیستی]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"|The [[پیشین‌زیستی]], [[نخست‌زیستی]] and [[پیشازیستی]] are often collectively referred to as the [[پرکامبرین]] or sometimes, also the Cryptozoic.}}
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Neoproterozoic}}"| [[پیشین‌زیستی نو]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|style="background:{{Period color|Ediacaran}}"| [[ادیاکاران]]
|colspan="3"| Good [[سنگواره]]s of the first [[جانوران]]s. [[Ediacaran biota]] flourish worldwide in seas. Simple [[فسیل شاخص]]s of possible worm-like ''[[Trichophycus pedum|Trichophycus]]'', etc. First [[اسفنج دریایی]]s and [[تریلوبیت]]s. Enigmatic forms include many soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or quilts (like ''[[Dickinsonia]]''). [[Taconic Orogeny]] in North America. [[Aravalli Range]] [[کوه‌زایی]] in [[شبه‌قاره هند]]. Beginning of [[Petermann Orogeny]] on [[استرالیا (قاره)]]. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633–620 [[سال]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Ediacaran}}"| ~{{Period start|ediacaran}}<sup>*</sup>
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Cryogenian}}"| [[کریوژنین]]
|colspan="3"| Possible "[[زمین گوی برفی]]" period. [[سنگواره]]s still rare. [[رودینیا]] landmass begins to break up. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers off.
|style="background:{{Period color|Cryogenian}}"| ~{{Period start|cryogenian}}<!--- -635 to -720 (-850 < 2015) mya - Cryogenian glaciation --->{{Efn|name="absolute-age"|Defined by absolute age ([[زمان چینه‌شناختی استاندارد جهانی]]).}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Tonian}}"| [[تونین]]
|colspan="3"| [[رودینیا]] supercontinent persists. [[Sveconorwegian orogeny]] ends. [[فسیل شاخص]]s of simple [[جانداران چندیاخته‌ای]] [[یوکاریوت]]s. First radiation of [[چرخان‌تاژک‌داران]]-like [[acritarch]]s. [[Grenville Orogeny]] tapers off in North America. [[کوه‌زایی پان-آفریکن]] in Africa. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica, 1,000 ± 150 [[سال]]. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920 – 850 [[سال]]), [[Gascoyne Complex]], Western Australia. [[Adelaide Geosyncline]] laid down on [[استرالیا (قاره)]], beginning of [[Adelaide Geosyncline|Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny)]] in Australia.
|style="background:{{Period color|Tonian}}"| {{Period start|tonian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:{{Period color|Mesoproterozoic}}"| [[پیشین‌زیستی میانه]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|style="background:{{Period color|Stenian}}"| [[استنین]]
|colspan="3"| Narrow highly [[سنگ دگرگونی]] belts due to [[کوه‌زایی]] as [[رودینیا]] forms. [[Sveconorwegian orogeny]] starts. Late Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1,080 [[سال]]), [[Musgrave Block]], [[آلیس اسپرینگ]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Stenian}}"| {{Period start|stenian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Ectasian}}"| [[اکتاسین]]
|colspan="3"| [[سکو (زمین‌شناسی)]]s continue to expand. [[جلبک سبز]] [[colony (biology)|colonies]] in the seas. [[Grenville Orogeny]] in North America.
|style="background:{{Period color|Ectasian}}"| {{Period start|ectasian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Calymmian}}"| [[کالیمین]]
|colspan="3"| [[سکو (زمین‌شناسی)]]s expand. Barramundi Orogeny, [[McArthur Basin]], [[Northern Australia]], and Isan Orogeny, [[circa|c.]]1,600 [[سال]], Mount Isa Block, Queensland
|style="background:{{Period color|Calymmian}}"| {{Period start|calymmian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Paleoproterozoic}}"| [[پیشین‌زیستی دیرینه]]{{Efn| name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|style="background:{{Period color|Statherian}}"| [[استاترین]]
|colspan="3"| First [[یوکاریوت]]: [[آغازیان]]s with nuclei. [[کلمبیا (ابرقاره)]] is the primordial supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on [[Yilgarn craton]], in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1,680–1,620 [[سال]], on the [[Gascoyne Complex]] in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1,650 [[سال]]), Gawler Craton, [[استرالیای جنوبی]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Statherian}}"| {{Period start|statherian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Orosirian}}"| [[اوروسیرین]]
|colspan="3"| The [[جو زمین]] becomes [[اکسیژن]]ic. [[دهانه وردفرت]] and [[Sudbury Basin]] asteroid impacts. Much [[کوه‌زایی]]. [[Penokean orogeny|Penokean]] and [[Trans-Hudsonian Orogeny|Trans-Hudsonian Orogenies]] in North America. Early Ruker Orogeny in Antarctica, 2,000–1,700 [[سال]]. Glenburgh Orogeny, [[Gascoyne Complex|Glenburgh Terrane]], [[استرالیا (قاره)]] [[circa|c.]] 2,005–1,920 [[سال]]. Kimban Orogeny, [[Gawler craton]] in Australian continent begins.
|style="background:{{Period color|Orosirian}}"| {{Period start|orosirian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Rhyacian}}"| [[ریاسین]]
|colspan="3"| [[Bushveld Igneous Complex]] forms. [[یخبندان هورونی]] glaciation.
|style="background:{{Period color|Rhyacian}}"| {{Period start|rhyacian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Siderian}}"| [[سیدرین]]
|colspan="3"| [[رویداد بزرگ اکسیژنی]]: [[banded iron formation]]s forms. Sleaford Orogeny on [[استرالیا (قاره)]], [[Gawler Craton]] 2,440–2,420 [[سال]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Siderian}}"| {{Period start|siderian}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Archean}}"| [[نخست‌زیستی]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|style="background:{{Period color|Neoarchean}}"| [[نخست‌زیستی نو]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|colspan="4"| Stabilization of most modern [[کراتون]]s; possible [[گوشته]] overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2,650 ± 150 [[سال]]. [[Abitibi greenstone belt]] in present-day [[انتاریو]] and [[استان کبک]] begins to form, stabilizes by 2,600 [[سال]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Neoarchean}}"| {{Period start|neoarchean}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Mesoarchean}}"| [[نخست‌زیستی میانه]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|colspan="4"| First [[استروماتولیت]]s (probably [[colony (biology)|colonial]] [[سیانوباکتر]]). Oldest [[macrofossil]]s. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. [[Blake River Megacaldera Complex]] begins to form in present-day [[انتاریو]] and [[استان کبک]], ends by roughly 2,696 [[سال]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Mesoarchean}}"| {{Period start|mesoarchean}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Paleoarchean}}"| [[نخست‌زیستی دیرینه]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|colspan="4"| First known [[نورپرورد]] [[باکتری]]. Oldest definitive [[microfossils]]. Oldest [[کراتون]]s on Earth (such as the [[سپر کانادا]] and the [[Pilbara Craton]]) may have formed during this period.{{Efn|name="Oldest-craton"|The age of the oldest measurable [[کراتون]], or [[پوسته قاره‌ای]], is dated to 3,600–3,800 Ma.}} Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica.
|style="background:{{Period color|Paleoarchean}}"| {{Period start|paleoarchean}}{{Efn|name="absolute-age"}}
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Eoarchean}}"| [[سپیده‌دم نخست‌زیستی]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}
|colspan="4"| [[پروکاریوت]] (probably [[باکتری]] and [[باستانیان]]). Oldest probable [[microfossil]]s. The first [[جاندار]]s and [[خودجایگزین‌گری]] [[آران‌ای]] [[مولکول]]s evolve around 4,000 [[سال]], after the [[آخرین بمباران سنگین]] ends on Earth. [[Napier Mountains|Napier]] Orogeny in Antarctica, 4,000 ± 200 [[سال]].
|style="background:{{Period color|Eoarchean}}"| ~{{Period start|eoarchean}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| [[پیشازیستی]]{{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{Efn|name="hadeon-not-formal"|Though commonly used, the [[پیشازیستی]] is not a formal eon<ref name="OggEtAl2016">{{cite book | title=A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | first=J.G. | last=Ogg | first2=G. | last2=Ogg | first3=F.M. | last3=Gradstein | year=2016 | pages=20 | isbn=978-0-444-63771-0}}</ref> and no lower bound for the Archean and Eoarchean have been agreed upon. The Hadean has also sometimes been called the Priscoan or the Azoic. Sometimes, the Hadean can be found to be subdivided according to the [[زمان‌بندی زمین‌شناسی ماه]]. These eras include the [[Cryptic era|Cryptic]] and [[Basin Groups]] (which are subdivisions of the [[Pre-Nectarian]] era), [[شهدی]], and [[Early Imbrian]] units.}}
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| [[Early Imbrian]] ([[پیشازیستی]]) (غیررسمی){{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{Efn|name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"|These unit names were taken from the [[زمان‌بندی زمین‌شناسی ماه]] and refer to geologic events that did not occur on Earth. Their use for Earth geology is unofficial. Note that their start times do not dovetail perfectly with the later, terrestrially defined boundaries.}}
|colspan="4"| Indirect [[فتوسنتز]] evidence (e.g., [[کروژن]]) of primordial life. This era overlaps the beginning of the [[آخرین بمباران سنگین]] of the [[منظومه شمسی]] [[منظومه شمسی]], produced possibly by the planetary migration of [[نپتون]] into the [[کمربند کویپر]] as a result of orbital resonances between [[مشتری (سیاره)]] and [[زحل]]. Oldest known rock (4,031 to 3,580 [[سال]]).<ref name="Oldest-rock">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s004100050465|title=Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada|year=1999|last=Bowring|first=Samuel A.|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=134|issue=1|pages=3|last2=Williams|first2=Ian S.|bibcode=1999CoMP..134....3B}} The oldest rock on Earth is the [[Acasta Gneiss]], and it dates to 4.03 Ga, located in the [[قلمروهای شمال غرب]] of Canada.</ref>
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| 4130<ref name="goldblatt2010" />
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| [[شهدی]] ([[پیشازیستی]]) (غیررسمی){{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{Efn|name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"}}
|colspan="4"| Possible first appearance of [[زمین‌ساخت صفحه‌ای]]s. This unit gets its name from the [[زمان‌بندی زمین‌شناسی ماه]] when the [[دریای شهد]] and other greater [[دریاوار]]s form by big [[رویداد برخوردی]]s. Earliest evidence for life based on unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life.
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| 4280<ref name="goldblatt2010" />
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| [[Basin Groups]] ([[پیشازیستی]]) (غیررسمی){{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{Efn| name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"}}
|colspan="4"|End of the Early Bombardment Phase. Oldest known [[کانی]] ([[زیرکن]], 4,404 ± 8 [[سال]]). Asteroids and comets bring water to Earth.<ref name="geology-wisc-edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf|title=Geology.wisc.edu}}</ref>
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| 4533<ref name="goldblatt2010" />
|-
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| [[Cryptic era|Cryptic]] ([[Cryptic era|Eohadean]]) (غیررسمی){{Efn|name="Precambrian-Time"}}{{Efn|name="Lunar-geologic-timescale-names"}}
|colspan="4"| Formation of [[ماه]] (4,533 to 4,527 [[سال]]), probably from [[فرضیه برخورد بزرگ]], since the end of this era. Formation of Earth (4,570 to 4,567.17 [[سال]]), Early Bombardment Phase begins. Formation of [[خورشید]] (4,680 to 4,630 [[سال]]) <!--(Before the Hadean eon)-->.
|style="background:{{Period color|Hadean}}"| {{Period start|hadean}}
|}
== نوشتارهای وابسته ==
* [[تاریخ زمین‌شناختی زمین]]
==یادداشت‌ها==
{{Notelist}}
== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}
سطر ۳۲ ⟵ ۵۰۸:
{{تاریخ زمین‌شناختی|پرکامبرین}}
{{تاریخ بزرگ}}
[[رده:مقیاس زمانی زمین‌شناسی]]
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