راهنما:الفبای آوانگاری بین‌المللی کاتالانی
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یادداشت‌ها ویرایش
- ↑ ۱٫۰۰ ۱٫۰۱ ۱٫۰۲ ۱٫۰۳ ۱٫۰۴ ۱٫۰۵ ۱٫۰۶ ۱٫۰۷ ۱٫۰۸ ۱٫۰۹ ۱٫۱۰ گرفتهs assimilate to the جایگاه تولید of the following consonant. In هجاs produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), واک obstruents become devoiced.
- ↑ While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of in Catalan and Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (represented as ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian and among cultivated Catalan speakers.
- ↑ ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ ۳٫۲ ۳٫۳ Voiced انسدادی /b, d, ɡ/ become نرم‌شدگی [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, ناسوده or سایشی of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a کناری (آواشناسی), and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ fails to lenite.
- ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ Catalan orthography distinguishes between ⟨ll⟩ (representing /ʎ/) and ⟨l·l⟩ (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of ⟨l·l⟩ is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide [j] in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.
- ↑ ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ ۵٫۲ ۵٫۳ ۵٫۴ ۵٫۵ /n/ and /l/ assimilate the جایگاه تولید of a following consonant.
- ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ The rhotic consonants ⟨r⟩ /ɾ/ and ⟨rr⟩ /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ⟨r⟩ with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and [ɾ] after hard plosives, the نرم‌شدگی spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel (although this may vary).
- ↑ ۷٫۰ ۷٫۱ ۷٫۲ ۷٫۳ ۷٫۴ ۷٫۵ ۷٫۶ While /ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ are often described simply as "پسالثوی" by many sources, phonetic work done by Daniel Recasens shows the postalveolar صفیری to be alveolo-palatal ([ɕ], [ʑ], [tɕ] and [dʑ], respectively). Nevertheless, since ⟨ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ⟩ are overwhelmingly used in the linguistic literature on Catalan and Valencian, those characters are also used on Wikipedia.
- ↑ In colloquial Catalan, /θ/ can be replaced by /s/ as in Latin American Spanish, Canarian Spanish and some Galician and Southern Peninsular accents.
- ↑ Other than in وام‌واژهs and حرف ندا, the letter ⟨h⟩ is always silent.
- ↑ Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian have seven تکیه (زبان‌شناسی) واکهs /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/ (Balearic dialects can contrast up to eight stressed vowels—those are /a, ɛ, e, i, ɔ, o, u/, plus /ə/.)
- ↑ The Catalan /a/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of ah (but shorter) and the vowel of uh; the Catalan vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ↑ In unstressed position, the seven-way vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan (Alguerese, Balearic, Central and Northern): /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ reduce to [ə] (though in Alguerese and partially some modern Central accents (e.g. parts of Barcelonan) /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/ merge to [a]) while /o/ and /ɔ/ reduce to [u] (however, in most of Majorcan /ɔ/ and /o/ merge to [o]).
- Western Catalan (North-Western, Tortosan and Valencian): /ɛ/ reduces to [e] and /ɔ/ reduces to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ may reduce to [a] and [u] respectively.
- ↑ The نیم‌واکه [j] and [w] can be combined with most vowels to form واکه مرکبs and triphthongs. For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology#Diphthongs and triphthongs.
پیوند به بیرون ویرایش
Catalan
- "Gramàtica de la llengua catalana (secció de fonètica i fonologia)" (به Catalan). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:زبان ناشناخته (link) - "Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional" (PDF) (به Catalan). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:زبان ناشناخته (link) - "Transcripcions fonètiques als mitjans audiovisuals de Catalunya" (به Catalan). Barcelona: Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals (CCMA).
{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:زبان ناشناخته (link) - "Illustrations of the IPA: Catalan" (PDF) (به انگلیسی). Barcelona.
Valencian
- "L'estàndard oral valencià" (PDF) (به Catalan). Valencia (València): Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:زبان ناشناخته (link) - "Anotació ortoèpica del valencià" (به Catalan). Alicante (Alacant): University of Alicante (UA) / Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
{{cite web}}: نگهداری یادکرد:زبان ناشناخته (link)
- Dictionaries
- "Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB)". Ed. Moll / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
- "reSOLC-mitjansCAT". Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) – Pompeu Fabra University / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).